COMP30020 COMP90048 代写代考
The University of Melbourne
School of Computing and Information Systems
COMP30020/COMP90048 Declarative Programming Semester 2, 2017
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Project Specification
Project due 16 October 2017 at 5pm Worth 15%
The objective of this project is to practice and assess your understanding of logic programming and Prolog. You will write code to solve maths puzzles.
Maths Puzzles
A maths puzzle is a square grid of squares, each to be filled in with a single digit 1–9 (zero is not permitted) satisfying these constraints:
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• each row and each column contains no repeated digits;
• all squares on the diagonal line from upper left to lower right contain the same value;
• the heading of reach row and column (leftmost square in a row and topmost square in a column) holds either the sum or the product of all the digits in that row or column
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Note that the row and column headings are not considered to be part of the row or column, and so may be filled with a number larger than a single digit. The upper left corner of the puzzle is not meaningful.
When the puzzle is originally posed, most or all of the squares will be empty, with the headings filled in. The goal of the puzzle is to fill in all the squares according to the rules. A proper maths puzzle will have at most one solution.
Here is an example puzzle as posed (left) and solved (right) :
The Program
14 7 2 1 15 3 7 5 28417
You will write Prolog code to solve maths puzzles. Your program should supply a predicate puzzle solution(Puzzle) that holds when Puzzle is the representation of a solved maths puzzle.
A maths puzzle will be represented as a list of lists, each of the same length, representing a single row of the puzzle. The first element of each list is considered to be the header for that
row. Each element but the first of the first list in the puzzle is considered to be the header of the corresponding column of the puzzle. The first element of the first element of the list is the corner square of the puzzle, and thus is ignored.
You can assume that when your puzzle solution/1 predicate is called, its argument will be a proper list of proper lists, and all the header squares of the puzzle (plus the ignored corner square) are bound to integers. Some of the other squares in the puzzle may also be bound to integers, but the others will be unbound. When puzzle solution/1 succeeds, its argument must be ground. You may assume your code will only be tested with proper puzzles, which have at most one solution. Of course, if the puzzle is not solvable, the predicate should fail, and it should never succeed with a puzzle argument that is not a valid solution. For example, your program would solve the above puzzle as below:
?- Puzzle=[[0,14,10,35],[14,_,_,_],[15,_,_,_],[28,_,1,_]],
|puzzle_solution(Puzzle).
Puzzle = [[0, 14, 10, 35], [14, 7, 2, 1], [15, 3, 7, 5], [28, 4, 1, 7]] ;
Your puzzle solution/1 predicate should be written in the file proj2.pl, but you may
submit other prolog files if you like. If you do use multiple files, make sure proj2.pl loads the
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other files. You may also use Prolog library modules supported by SWI Prolog as installed
on the servers, which is version 7.2.3. You may, but need not, use SWI Prolog’s Constraint Logic Programming facilities to solve the problem.
1. Begin by unifying all the squares on the diagonal. This only needs to be done once to ensure that the puzzle satisfies the first constraint.
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2. It is fairly simple to check if a row of the puzzle (one of the inner lists) is a valid solution. Simply check that the first list element is equal to the sum or product of the other elements. Checking the columns is a bit more complicated. However, the library provides a transpose/2 predicate. If you transpose the puzzle, the columns become rows, so you can check the columns by checking the rows of the transposed puzzle. Load the library module containing the transpose/2 predicate with the directive
:- ensure loaded(library(clpfd)).
3. A very simple strategy for solving puzzles is to backtrack over all possible values for each puzzle square, and test that it is a valid puzzle solution. For a 2×2 puzzle, there are 94 = 6561 filled puzzles. This is very tractable, as long as the code to check that a puzzle is valid is reasonably efficient. This is a good way to get started.
4. However, even for a 3×3 puzzle, there are 99 = 387,420,489 filled puzzles, and even for very efficient code to check if a solution is valid, the strategy of Hint 3 will not be tractable.
But note that if the first row of the filled puzzle is not valid, the whole puzzle will be invalid, so there is no point exploring those possibilities. For example, if the heading of the first row is 23, only 6 of the 93 = 729 possible ways to fill it could possibly be
valid. More importantly, if you check that each row and column is valid as soon as it is generated, rather than generating the whole grid before checking, you can cut the search space enormously. If all three rows of a 3×3 puzzle have only 6 solutions, then there are only 63 = 216 candidate puzzles to check (since once all the rows have been filled in, then so have all the columns).
5. For some headings, there are far more than 6 possible rows or columns. For example, a three square row or column with a heading of 16 has 54 valid ways to fill it, and for a four square row or column, there are 192 possibilities. Thus for some puzzles, it will be necessary to further cut the number of possibilities to explore.
One way to do this is to first fill the row or column with the fewest possibilities. Consider the example puzzle: the last row has only two possible ways to fill it: 7—1—4 and 4— 1—7, while the last column has six possible ways.
Once one row or column is filled, that will reduce the number of possibilities in other
rows and columns. In the example above, if the last row is filled with 7—1—4, There are,
in fact, no ways to fill the last column, thus the choice of 7—1—4 for the last row can be
immediately dismissed (since no selection for any of the other squares can get around the
fact that there are no two digits that can be added to or multiplied by 4 to get 35). This
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leaves 4—1—7 as the only possible way to fill in the last row. By repeatedly choosing
the row or column with the fewest alternatives and (nondeterministically) filling it with valid values, you can achieve adequate performance for this project.
6. The easiest way to do all this in Prolog is to reason about which variables are bound
and which are unbound as a way to determine which squares have already been filled. For example, you can use the built-in predicate ground(Term ), which holds when Term is ground at the time the test is performed. When this succeeds for the puzzle, that
to a valid solution, and if so, succeed. If the puzzle is not ground, you will need to select a row or column and fill it in. Doing this will fill in one square in all perpendicular columns or rows, substantially cutting down on the number of valid ways they can be filled. In fact, if you have taken Hint 1, then filling in one row will fill in one square in all the other rows, and one or two squares in all of the columns, and the reverse if you fill a column.
The easiest way to decide which row or column has the fewest solutions is to use the bagof/3 predicate, and take the length of the resulting list of solutions.
Assessment
Your project will be assessed on the following criteria:
30% Quality of your code and documentation;
20% The ability of your program to correctly solve 2×2 maths puzzles; 30% The ability of your program to correctly solve 3×3 maths puzzles; and 20% The ability of your program to correctly solve 4×4 maths puzzles.
means the en
heck that it is bound
Note that timeouts will be imposed on all tests. You will have at least 20 seconds to solve each puzzle, regardless of difficulty. Executions taking longer than that will be unceremoni- ously terminated, leading to that test being assessed as failing. Twenty seconds should be ample with careful implementation.
See the Project Coding Guidelines on the LMS for detailed suggestions for coding style. These guidelines will form the basis of the quality assessment of your code and documentation. Be sure to document the predicates you take from the starter file you are given, too.
Submission
The project submission deadline is 16 October 2017 at 5pm. You must submit your project from one of the Linux servers dimefox.eng.unimelb.edu.au or nutmeg.eng.unimelb.edu.au. Note that this host is not directly accessible from outside the university campus, so if you wish to submit from home, you must use the university’s VPN; see the LMS Resources page for guidance. Make sure the version of your program source files you wish to submit is on the server, cd to the directory holding your source code and issue the command:
submit COMP90048 proj2 proj2.pl
IfyourcAodespsanisgmunltimpleseounrcetfilePs,ardodtjheexctrtaoEnesxtoathmeendHoftheatlcpommandline. Important: you must wait a minute (more if the servers are busy) and do:
verify COMP90048 proj2 | less
If your program
This will show you the test results from your submission, as well as the file(s) you submitted. If the test results show any problems, correct them and submit again. You may submit as often as you like; only your final submission will be assessed.
e “Running tests”, r
followed by several test runs. If you do not see this, then your program did not work correctly. The version of SWI Prolog installed on the servers is older than you probably have on your own computer or the lab computers, so you should be sure to test your code on the servers. Do not just assume it will run correctly.
If you wish to (re-)submit after the project deadline, you may do so by adding “.late” to the end of the project name (i.e., proj2.late) in the submit and verify commands. But note that a penalty, described below, will apply to late submissions, so you should weigh the points you will lose for a late submission against the points you expect to gain by revising your program and submitting again.
It is your responsibility to verify your submission.
Windows users should see the LMS Resources list for instructions for downloading the (free) Putty and Winscp programs to allow you to use and copy files to the department servers from windows computers. Mac OS X and Linux users can use the ssh, scp, and sftp programs that come with your operating system.
Late Penalties
Late submissions will incur a penalty of 0.5% per hour late, including evening and weekend hours. This means that a perfect project that is much more than 4 days late will receive less than half the marks for the project. If you have a medical or similar compelling reason
for being late, you should contact the lecturer as early as possible to ask for an extension (preferably before the due date).
Note Well:
This project is part of your final assessment, so cheating is not acceptable. Any form of material exchange between teams, whether written, electronic or any other medium, is considered cheating, and so is the soliciting of help from elec- tronic newsgroups. Providing undue assistance is considered as serious as receiv- ing it, and in the case of similarities that indicate exchange of more than basic ideas, formal disciplinary action will be taken for all involved parties. If you have questions regarding these rules, please ask the lecturer.
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