LAB 2: Character and integer literals, number systems, array and character arrays

• Read pdf posted on course web, if you are not so familiar with the different number bases. It also shows the conversions you should know for this course.

• ^{Visit website} cleavebooks.co.uk/scol/calnumba.htm to play with

different bases of integer representations. Enter a valid number in any base and you will see the representations in all the other bases. For this course, we focus on Binary (base 2), Octal (base 8) and Hexadecimal (base 16) representations. The [] beside each base lists the valid symbols for that base. For example, valid symbols for base 8 are [0,1,2,3,4,5,6,7] whereas valid symbols for base 16 are [09,A,a,B,a,C,c,D,d,E,e,F,f]. Recall that for a base X, there are X valid symbols, which are [0,1,,X-1].

Entering 38 in base 8 or 4H in base 16 and observe how the calculator refuses to work for you. Enter 37 in base 8, or 31 in base 10 and calculate it. Convince yourself that results in binary, octal and hexadecimal do have decimal value 31. Note that this calculator does not accept negative input numbers.

• To see how a 32 bits binary representation looks like, and also how negative numbers are represented in binary, please download, compile and run the Java program java. (Recall that you can compile the program in terminal by issuing javac Binary.java, and then run the program by issuing java Binary) The program first demonstrates that for an integer number (stored internally in binary), there are four ways (Decimal, Binary, Hex and Octal) in Java to denote the integer number in code. (In C there are three ways

Decimal, Hex and Octal as there is no Binary literal in standard C.)

This program then converts integer input from stdin, which is assumed to be a decimal integer literal, into its 32 bits binary representation, which is the way integers are stored internally in memory. You can enter negative numbers (especially -1, -2, -3) to examine how negative number is represented using 2s complement. If you know 2s complement, convince yourself with the flip then +1 rule of 2s complement. The program also shows the Oct and Hex values, using printf with specific conversion specifications %d, %o and %x(%X). Enter 2147483647 which is the max value of 32 bits unsigned integer 2³¹-1, observing how it is represented. Stop the program by entering -10000.

• Download, compile and run the C program c. Similar to the Java program above, this program reads in a decimal integer literal, and then outputs the integer value in Decimal, Octal, and Hex, using printf with specific conversion specifications %d, %o and %x(%X) respectively. Observe that sizeof is used to get the int size in your system. Usually you should get 4. Also observe how a while true loop is implemented and how scanf is used to read in the integer from stdin. Stop the program by entering -10000.

Displaying binary representation, however, is not directly supported in printf. In the next lab you will see an enhanced version of this program, which uses bitwise operations to display binary in C. Bitwise operations will be covered soon in class.

No submission for problem 0

1. Problem A Character literals

1.1 Specification

Write an ANSI-C program that reads input from the Standard input, and then outputs the processed information on the Standard output.

Each user input contains an integer, followed by a blank and then a character. If the character does represent a digit, e.g., 3, (how to check?), then the program outputs the sum of the entered integer and the numerical value that this character represents (how to get the numerical value of a digit character such as 3?). If the character does not represent a digit, but represents an alphabet letter, e.g., A, d, then the program outputs that the character is a letter. If the character is not a digit or letter, outputs that the character is others.

The program continues until the input integer is -10000 (and is followed by a blank and any one character).

1.2 Implementation

• name your program c
• keep on reading and processing input, until an integer -10000 is read.
• use scanf (%d %c, ..) to read inputs.
• define a Boolean function isDigit(char c) to determine if c represents a digit. We mentioned in class that ANSI-C does not have a type `boolean, instead ANSI-C uses 0 to represent false, and uses non-zero integer to represent true. So, as a general practice in C, your function should return a non-zero integer number (usually 1) if c is a digit and return

0 otherwise.

Note that you should NOT use library functions here (calling function is slower). Moreover, you should NOT write code like if (c==0 || c==1 || c==|| c==9) .

Instead, use the shorter (one line) idiom discussed in class to examine if c is a digit char.

Also for portability concerns, should NOT use a particular integer number in the idiom;

• Note that in getting the numerical value of a digit character such as 3, you should NOT

use if (c==0)elseif(c==1) elseif (c==..).elseif(c==9) .

Instead, use the one-line idiom that we discussed in class. Also for portability concerns, should NOT use a particular integer number in the idiom;

• define a Boolean function isLetter(char c) to determine if c represents an alphabet letter. Again, should NOT use library functions in this function, and should NOT use 50 if-else statements . Use the one line idiom instead.
• define a Boolean function isOperator(char c) to determine if c represents one of the five arithmetic operators (what are they?). Here probably no idiom can be applied.
• put the definition (implementation) of function isDigit()isLetter()and isOperator after your main function. Call the three functions in main

1.3 Sample Inputs/Outputs: (ONE blank line between each interaction/iteration):

red 338 % gcc lab2A.c -o lab2a

red 339 % lab2a

Enter an integer and a character separated by blank: 12 c

Character c represent a letter

Enter an integer and a character separated by blank: 12 9

Character 9 represents a digit. Sum of 12 and 9 is 21

Enter an integer and a character separated by blank: 100 8

Character 8 represents a digit. Sum of 100 and 8 is 108

Enter an integer and a character separated by blank: 120 !

Character ! represents others

Enter an integer and a character separated by blank: 12 K

Character K represent a letter

Enter an integer and a character separated by blank: 120 +

Character + represents an operator

Enter an integer and a character separated by blank: 154 %

Character + represents an operator

Enter an integer and a character separated by blank: 124 #

Character + represents others

Enter an integer and a character separated by blank: -10000 a red 340 %

Submit your program by issuing submit 2031A lab2 lab2A.c

2. Problem B Character literals

2.1 Specification

Write an ANSI-C program that uses getchar to read from the Standard input, and outputs (duplicates) the characters to the Standard output. For each input character that is a lower-case letter (how to check?), converts it into the corresponding upper case letter in the output (how to convert?). If the input character is a digit, convert it to if it is less than 5, else convert it to + The program continues to read and output until EOF is entered.

2.2 Implementation

You might want to start with the copy.c program presented in textbook (Ch 1) and slides.

Observe that, as mentioned in class, although the copy program calls putchar or printf in every iteration of the loop (after every getchar reading), the output is not displayed in every iteration. Rather, is displayed only after a whole line is read in. This is related to the buffer used by the system. Specifically, instead of executing putchar or printf for every getchar reading , the system buffers (stores) the chars that are read in, and executes putchar or printf only after a new line character
or EOF is read in.

• name your program lab2B.c
• use getchar() and a loop to read characters.
• use putchar() or printf()to print the input characters on the standard output.
• In checking and converting lower case characters, do NOT use any C library functions (e.g, islower(), toupper()). Do your own checking and conversion. Moreover, you should NOT use

if (c==..|| c==.. ||c==.. || c==.. c== Instead, use the shorter

idiom discussed in class. Also for portability concerns, should NOT use integer numbers such as 32.slower

2.3 Sample Inputs/Outputs (from Standard input):

red 308 % gcc Wall lab2B.c red 309 % a.out

You can ignore the warning messages.

Hello The World

HELLO THE WORLD

How Old Are You?

HOW OLD ARE YOU?

I am 27, and my id is yu35X6. THANKs!

I AM -+, AND MY ID IS YU-+X+. THANKS!

^D (press Ctrl and D) red 310 %

2.4 Sample Inputs/Outputs (from redirected input file):

Using your favorite text editor, create a text file my_input.txt that contains hEllo

How Are You!

I Am Good and THAnKs!

I am year 3, my office is Las2015C on 4700 Keele st.

See you later..

red 311 % a.out < my_input.txt

HELLO

HOW ARE YOU!

I AM GOOD AND THANKS!

I AM YEAR -, MY OFFICE IS LAS+C ON -+ KEELE ST.

SEE YOU LATER.. red 312 %

Submit your program by issuing submit 2031A lab2 lab2B.c

3. Problem C Char conversion, Integer Array

3.1 Specification

Write an ANSI-C program that takes input from Standard in, and outputs the occurrence count of digits 0-9 in the inputs.

3.2 Implementation

• name your program c
• use getchar to read from the standard input. After reading a digit character, the program updates the corresponding counter for the digit. The program continues to read until EOF is entered. Then outputs the occurrence count of each digit in the input. Also output the occurrence of other (non-digit) characters in the input.
• do NOT use 10 individual counters for the digit characters. Instead, use an integer array store the counters. That is, maintains an array of 10 counters.
• when a character is read in, if it is a digit character, then how to find the corresponding counter? In class (and slides) we showed a program that uses a bunch of if-else statements,

i.e., if (c==0) else if (c==1) else if (c==..) else Here, do

NOT use this approach, instead, use the shorter idiom discussed in class, which takes advantage of the index of the character to figure out the corresponding counter in the array.

Sample Inputs/Outputs: (download dont copy/paste the input file input2C.txt)

red 368 % gcc -Wall lab2C.c

red 369 % a.out

YorkU LAS EECS

^D (press Ctrl and D)

0: 0

1: 0

2: 0

3: 0

4: 0

5: 0

6: 0

7: 0

8: 0

9: 0 This is the occurrence count of other (non-digit) characters

X: 15 red 370 % a.out EECS2031A FW2019-21

LAS1006A-C

^D (press Ctrl and D)

0: 4

1: 4

2: 3

3: 1

4: 0

5: 0

6: 1

7: 0

8: 0

9: 1 X: 17 red 371 % a.out EECS3421 this is good 3 address 500 yu264076

423Dk

^D (press Ctrl and D)

0: 3

1: 1

2: 3

3: 3

4: 3

5: 1

6: 2

7: 1

8: 0

9: 0 X: 34 red 372 % a.out < input2C.txt

0: 4

1: 7

2: 4

3: 4

4: 5

5: 2

6: 2

7: 5

8: 0

9: 0 X: 211 red 373 % Submit your program by issuing submit 2031A lab2 lab2C.c

4. Problem D Array and Character array (Strings)

Useful information

An array is a fundamental and most important data structure built into C. A thorough understanding of arrays and their use is necessary to develop effective applications. We will continue to learn array in the course.

h

e

l

l

o

Note that C has no string type, so when you declare literal hello, the internal representation is an array of characters, terminated by a special null character , which is added for you automatically. So char helloArr[]= hello will give helloArr a representation of , which has size 6 bytes, not 5.

As shown in this exercise, one way to read a word from the standard input is to use scanf, which is passed as argument a string variable. When using scanf(%s, arrayName), the trailing character is added for you.

Specification

Download program lab2D.c, compile and run the program.

• Observe that we use marco #define SIZE 20 to define a constant, avoiding magic numbers. This is one of the two common ways to define a constant in C. When the program is compiled, the pre-processor replaces every occurrence of SIZE with 20. Using a constant, rather than a variable for the array size, has the advantage that the constant cannot be changed (accidently) in the program.

• Observe the strange values for elements of array k. Run it again and you might see the change of the strange values. The key point is that, unlike in Java, in ANSI-C an array element is not given an initial value such as 0 in Java, rather a garbled value that is randomly generated is given.

Modify the declaration int k[SIZE]; to int k[SIZE] = {3,5}; Compile and run it again, what do you see? The key point here is that if you specify initial values for one or more of the first few elements of the array, the rest elements of array gets initial value 0. Based on this trick, and without using loop, modify the declaration of k so that k is initialized to all 0s, as shown in the sample output below.

• Observe that we can print a string using printf with %s conversion specification. Observe that char array msg is declared with no explicit size and was initialized with a 11 character string literal Hello World. The memory size is allocated by the compiler based on the initial value. Here the memory size allocated by the compiler is 12 bytes. Observe how sizeof operator is used to get the memory size of array. (When used on a variable, we can write either sizeof msg or sizeof(msg) the latter form give some people an illusion that sizeof is a library function but actually it is an operator.)

Why 12 bytes for 11 character string? The extra 1 byte is used to store the null character (the very first character in the ASCII table). On the other hand, a library function call of strlen, which returns the length (# of content characters) of string, returns 11. (We will discuss string library functions later)

Complete the program by printing out all the elements of array msg, first the encoding (index of the character in the ASCII table), and then the character itself, as shown in the sample output below. Note that 32 is the encoding of the whitespace character.

Observe the special (invisible) character whose index is 0, denoted as , at the end of the array. is added automatically for you at the end of the array.

Observe the output Helxo world, which shows that we can change string character directly by using array index. This is different from Java where String is immutable.

• Complete the program by printing out all the elements of array msg2, first the index of the character in the ASCII table, and then the character itself, as shown in the sample output below. Observe that the complier appends for the rest of space.

Observe that for msg2 which is declared to be a size 20 array and is initialized with literal Hello World, the memory size is 20 bytes, as it declared to be. Despite its larger memory size, however, same as for msg, the library function call of strlen returns 11, and printf also prints Hello World. The key point here is that these library functions treat the first null character (from left to right) as the end of the string, ignoring values thereafter.

Observe the output Hel and string length 3, which shows again that the first null character (from left to right) is treated as the end of the string. All values thereafter are ignored. However, you can still access the elements manually, including those after the first null character, e.g., msg2[8].

• Remove the comments that around the last 6 lines near the end of the program. This block of code demonstrates that we can use scanf and %s to read in strings from stdin and store in a char array. Observe that it is msg3, not &msg3, that is passed to scanf as argument. That is, when passing a char array variable to scanf, no & is used. This is a big topic that we will learn later in class.

Complete the program by printing out all the elements of array msg3, first the index of the character in ASCII table, and then the character itself, as shown in the sample output below.

Compile and run the program, entering a string with no more than 19 characters (why 19?) and without space, such as Helloworld. Observe that the input characters are stored in the array, with a appended after the last character d. Also observe that the complier may also append s or some other random values for the rest of space. In either case, observe that for msg3 the memory size is 20 bytes, as it declared to be. On the other hand, the library function call of strlen returns 10, and printf prints Helloworld. Re-run the program, and enter a string with spaces, e.g., Hello World, and observe that only Hello is stored in the array. Accordingly, printf prints Hello and strlen returns 5. This exemplifies an issue with reading string simply using scanf(%s): it reads input character by character until it encounters a white-space character or a new line character. Thus if the input string contains white spaces it cannot be fully read in. (You are not asked to fix this.) Another issue of simply using scanf(%s)is that there is no way to detect when the argument array is full. Thus, it may store characters pass the end of the array, causing undefined behavior (dont try that). Later we will see other ways to read in a string that contains spaces, and control the input length.

When scanf reads in a new input (e.g., Hello World) into the same array msg3, what happens to the existing content of the array? We will look into this by continuing the exercise in lab3.

Sample Inputs/Outputs red 361 % gcc lab2D.c -o lab2D red 362 % lab2D k[0]: 0 k[1]: 0 k[2]: 0 k[3]: 0 k[4]: 0 k[5]: 0 k[6]: 0 k[7]: 0 k[8]: 0 k[9]: 0 msg: Hello world memory size of msg: 12 (bytes) strlen of msg: 11 msg[0] 72 H msg[1] 101 e msg[2] 108 l msg[3] 108 l msg[4] 111 o msg[5] 32 msg[6] 119 w msg[7] 111 o msg[8] 114 r msg[9] 108 l msg[10] 100 d msg[11] 0 msg: Helxo world memory size of msg: 12 (bytes) strlen of msg: 11 msg2: Hello world memory size of msg2: 20 (bytes) strlen of msg2: 11 msg2[0] 72 H msg2[1] 101 e msg2[2] 108 l msg2[3] 108 l msg2[4] 111 o msg2[5] 32 msg2[6] 119 w msg2[7] 111 o msg2[8] 114 r msg2[9] 108 l msg2[10] 100 d msg2[11] 0 msg2[12] 0 msg2[13] 0 msg2[14] 0 msg2[15] 0 msg2[16] 0 msg2[17] 0 msg2[18] 0 msg2[19] 0

msg2: Hel

memory size of msg2: 20 (bytes)

strlen of msg2: 3

H e o w r d

You might see other random values from msg3[11]~msg3[19]. That is okay. We should not care what they are, as these values are always ignored by printf() and string-related library functions, such as strlen()

Enter a string: Helloworld msg3: Helloworld memory size of msg3: 20 (bytes) strlen of msg3: 10 msg3[0] 72 H msg3[1] 101 e msg3[2] 108 l msg3[3] 108 l msg3[4] 111 o msg3[5] 119 w msg3[6] 111 o msg3[7] 114 r msg3[8] 108 l msg3[9] 100 d msg3[10] 0 msg3[11] 0 msg3[12] 0 msg3[13] 0 msg3[14] 0 msg3[15] 0 msg3[16] 0 msg3[17] 0 msg3[18] 0 msg3[19] 0 red 363 %

Submit your program using submit 2031A lab2 lab2D.c

Problem E Reading and manipulating character arrays

Specification

Write an ANSI-C program that reads from standard input a word (string with no spaces) followed by a character, and then outputs the word, the number of characters in the word, and the index of the character in the word.

Implementation

• download program c and start from there. Complete the while loop. You should not change the first two line of the while loop.
• observe how the string helloWorld is modified and shortened at the char level.
• define a char array to hold the input word. Assume each input word contains no more than 20 characters (so what is the minimum capacity the array should be declared to have?).
• use scanf (%s %c, ) to read the word and char.
• define a function void displayStr(char word[]) to display the string word on standard out. This function mimics printf(%s, word). You should not call printf() in the function. Use loop and putchar().
• define a function int length(char word[]) which returns the number of characters in word (excluding the trailing character ). This function is similar to strlen(s) C library function shown earlier, and length() method in Java. You should NOT call strlen() library function in your function. Write your own version of strlen.
• define a function int indexOf(char word[], char c) which returns the index (position of the first occurrence) of c in word. Return -1 if c does not occur in word. This function is similar to indexof()method in Java.
• define a function int occurrence(char word[], char c) which returns the number of occurrences of c in Return 0 if c does not appear in word.
• keep on reading until a word quit is read in, followed by any character. In checking the terminating condition, as shown earlier, word == quit will not work as this will not compare array contents (both in C and Java).

One approach is to check the contents char by char. You are provided with a boolean

function int isQuit(char word[])which intends to check whether argument word

is quit, but this function has a flaw. Try to discover the flaw, and fix the bug. Dont use C library function here. such

as strcmp).

Sample Inputs/Outputs: (output is on a single line) red 308 % gcc Wall lab2E.c o lab2E red 309 % lab2E

helloWorld contains 10 characters, but the size is 11 (bytes)

helXo contains 5 characters, but the size is 11 (bytes)

Enter a word and a character separated by blank: hello x

Input word is hello

Contains 5 characters

x appears 0 times in the word Index of x in the word is -1

Enter a word and a character separated by blank: hello l

Input word is hello

Contains 5 characters

l appears 2 times in the word

Index of l in the word is 2

Enter a word and a character separated by blank: beautifulWorld b

Input word is beautifulWorld Contains 14 characters

b appears 1 times in the word

Index of b in the word is 0

Enter a word and a character separated by blank: beautifulWorld u

Input word is beautifulWorld Contains 14 characters

u appears 2 times in the word

Index of u in the word is 3

Enter a word and a character separated by blank: beautifulWorld U

Input word is beautifulWorld

Contains 14 characters

U appears 0 times in the word Index of U in the word is -1

Enter a word and a character separated by blank: quit x red 310 %

Submit your program by issuing submit 2031A lab2 lab2E.c

Make sure your program compiles in the lab environment. The program that does not compile in the lab will get 0.

All submissions need to be done from the lab.

In summary, for this lab you should submit the following files:

lab2A.c lab2B.c lab2C.c lab2D.c lab2E.c

From any directory, you can issue submit -l 2031A lab2 to get a list of files that you have submitted for lab1.