[SOLVED] CS代考 LECTURE 03

LECTURE 03
BOTTOM-UP AND TOP-DOWN PERSPECTIVES ON PERCEPTION PERCEPTION AND OBJECT RECOGNITION: INSIGHTS FROM THE BRAIN BRIDGING PERCEPTION TO OTHER COGNITIVE DOMAINS SKILLS: EXAM PREPARATION
PSYB57: INTRODUCTION TO COGNITIVE PSYCHOLOGY | UNIVERSITY OF TORONTO, SCARBOROUGH | PROF. MICHAEL SOUZA
Lecture objectives

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 To understand how environmental cues help us both segment objects and infer distance and depth;
 To articulate the conceptual difference between bottom-up and top- down theories of perceptual processing, and to illustrate this distinction using multiple theories and/or examples, as appropriate;
 To describe the difference between feature analysis and configurational analysis systems;
 To understand and describe the role of the ventral stream of processing in object recognition using multiple pieces of evidence;
 To apply the concepts from perception and object recognition to other cognitive functions (e.g., attention);
 To critically consider a range of assessment strategy tools to that may be useful in this (and other) courses.

From sensation to perception
Picture: https://image.slidesharecdn.com/sensationandperception2-150301044738-conversion-gate01/95/sensation-and-perception-4-638.jpg?cb=1425207097
Grandma’s face
Grandma’s voice
Grandma’s scent
Energy properties
Reflected light from her face
Pressure waves from her speaking
Molecules from her house, perfume
Sensory absorption
Appropriate retinal response
Appropriate cochlear response
Appropriate olfactory response
Grandma’s face
Grandma’s voice
Grandma’s scent
From sensation to perception

Cues used to support object segmentation Gestalt principles of perceptual organization
Picture: From Schacter’s Psychology (1st ed)
Cues used to infer object distance
Binocular disparity
Familiar size
Linear perspective (and the vanishing point) Motion parallax
Picture: http://www.infovis.net/printMag.php?num=144&lang=2 http://xaxor.com/photography/25319-vanishing-point-perspective-photography.html

Theories of perceptual processing
Stimulus/ input
Perception
Response/ output
BOTTOM-UP PROCESSING
Gibson’s theory of direct perception The environment supplies us with all that we need for perception
Sufficient context to make most perceptual decisions Relative to the laboratory approach
Picture: http://cdn3.aruba.com/sites/default/files/images/Natural%20Bridge_%20Seroe%20Colorado%20Natural%20Bridge.JPG
Usage of texture gradient, interposition
Bottom-up theories

Template theory
Highly detailed representation that must be matched perfectly for perception Issues of size, orientation and non-standard presentation (feasibility)
Picture: Anderson’s Cognitive Psychology (7th ed) 9 http://www.captcha.net/images/recaptcha-example.gif
https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/UPC-A-036000291452.png/220px-UPC-A-036000291452.png
Feature analysis theories
Rather than recognizing an object by matching it as a whole, feature analysis theories propose that identifying a combination of features is used for perceptual recognition
Bottom-up theories Bottom-up theories

Pandemonium model (Selfridge, 1959)
Strasburger (2014), Perception, 43, 963-76.
Picture: Anderson’s Cognitive Psychology (7th ed)
Pandemonium model (Selfridge, 1959)
Bottom-up theories Bottom-up theories

Pattern recognition model (McClelland & Rumelhart, 1981) Use of parallel distributed processing to model feature analysis theories of text, words
Picture: http://www.microsoft.com/typography/ctfonts/wordrecognition.aspx
Recognition by components (RBC) (Biederman, 1987)
Objects consist of 3-D pieces that he calls “geons”
Insensitive to object orientation but sensitive to geon visibility Recognizing particular objects/instances
Biederman (1987), Psychol Rev, 94(2), 115-47
Bottom-up theories

Constructive perception
The perceiver builds a perception of a stimulus informed by cognitive processes
The world affects our perception, but also the world we experience is formed by our perception
Picture: https://cbsnewyork.files.wordpress.com/2017/08/staten_island_obscured_stop_sign_0820.jpg?w=625 15 https://m.popkey.co/4e1081/mrwZa_s-200×150.gif
https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/51/Julia_Child%27s_kitchen_by_Matthew_Bisanz.JPG
Constructive perception
The perceiver builds a perception of a stimulus informed by cognitive processes
The world affects our perception, but also the world we experience is formed by our perception
Word superiority effect
Rayner, Schotter, Masson, Potter & Treiman (2016). Psych Sci Pub Int, 17(1), 1-34.
Top-down theory Top-down theory

Pattern recognition systems Feature analysis system hypothesis vs. configurational system hypothesis
Isolated part
Intact faces
Scrambled faces
Facial inversion effect
Tanaka & Farah (1993), Quar J Exp Psych, 46A, 225-45
Faces: feature analysis or configuration?

Tanaka & Farah (1993), Quar J Exp Psych, 46A, 225-45
Faces: feature analysis or configuration?

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