MONASH
INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY
Structured Query Language (SQL) – Part 1
Anatomy of an SQL SELECT Statement
SELECT stud_nbr, stu_fname, stu_lname FROM student
WHERE stu_fname = ‘Maria’;
clauses
statement
Predicate / search condition
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What table(s) the data come from?
SQL SELECT Statement – Usage
What column/s to display
SELECT stud_nbr, stu_fname, stu_lname FROM student
WHERE stu_fname = ‘Maria’;
What row/s to retrieve – the RESTRICTION on the select
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SQL Predicates or Search Conditions
▪ The search conditions are applied on each row, and the row is returned if the search conditions are evaluated to be TRUE for that row.
▪ Comparison
– Compare the value of one expression to the value of another expression. – Operators: =, !=,< >, <, >, <=, >=
– Example: salary > 5000
▪ Range
– Test whether the value of an expression falls within a specified range of
values.
– Operator: BETWEEN
– Example: salary BETWEEN 1000 AND 3000 (both are inclusive)
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SQL Predicates or Search Conditions
▪ Set Membership
– To test whether the value of expression equals one of a set of values. – Operator: IN
– Example : city IN (‘Melbourne’, ‘Sydney’)
▪ Pattern Match
– To test whether a string (text) matches a specified pattern. – Operator: LIKE
– Patterns:
• % character represents any sequence of zero or more character.
• _ character represents any single character. – Example:
• WHERE city LIKE ‘M%’
• WHERE unit_code LIKE ‘FIT20__’
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SQL Predicates or Search Conditions
▪ NULL
– To test whether a column has a NULL (unknown) value. – Example: WHERE grade IS NULL.
▪ Use in subquery (to be discussed in the future) – ANY, ALL
– EXISTS
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What row will be retrieved?
▪ Predicate evaluation is done using three-valued logic. – TRUE, FALSE and UNKNOWN
▪ DBMS will evaluate the predicate against each row. ▪ Row that is evaluated to be TRUE will be retrieved. ▪ NULL is considered to be UNKNOWN.
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Q1. Consider the predicate “enrol_mark >= 50”, what row(s) will be selected for this predicate by the DBMS?
a. b. c. d.
1, 4 and 6 All rows
1 and 6
All rows except row 4
Combining Predicates
▪ Logical operators – AND, OR, NOT
▪ Rules:
– An expression is evaluated LEFT to RIGHT
– Sub-expression in brackets are evaluated first – NOTs are evaluated before AND and OR
– ANDs are evaluated before OR
– Use of BRACKETS better alternative
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Truth Table
• AND is evaluated to be TRUE if and only if both conditions are TRUE
• OR is evaluated to be TRUE if and only if at least one of the conditions
is TRUE AND
A
B
T
U
F
T
T
U
F
U
U
U
F
F
F
F
F
T = TRUE
F = FALSE
U = Unknown
OR
A
B
T
U
F
T
T
T
T
U
T
U
U
F
T
U
F
Unknown = NULL in relational database
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Q2. What row will be retrieved when the WHERE clause predicate is written as
V_CODE = 21344 AND V_CODE = 24288 ?
V_CODE
1 21344
2 20001
3 24288
4 20001
5 24288
a. b. c. d.
1,3,5 1 3,5
No rows will be retrieved
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Q3. What row will be retrieved when the WHERE clause predicate is written as
V_CODE <> 21344 OR V_CODE <> 24288 ?
V_CODE
1 21344
2 20001
3 24288
4 20001
5 24288
a. 1,3,5 b. 2,4 c. 3,5
d. 1,2,3,4,5
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Q4. What is the correct SQL predicate to retrieve those students who have passed and also those students who have not been awarded any mark?
a. enrol_mark >= 50 AND enrol_mark IS NULL
b. enrol_mark >= 50 OR enrol_mark IS NULL
c. enrol_mark >= 50 AND enrol_mark IS NOT NULL
d. enrol_ mark >= 50 OR enrol_mark IS NOT NULL
e. None of the above
Arithmetic Operations
▪ Can be performed in SQL. ▪ For example:
SELECT stu_nbr, enrol_mark/10 FROM enrolment;
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Oracle NVL function
▪ It is used to replace a NULL with a value.
SELECT stu_nbr, NVL(enrol_mark,0), NVL(enrol_grade,’WH’)
FROM enrolment;
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Renaming Column
▪ Note column headings on slide 16 ▪ Use the word “AS”
– New column name in ” ” to maintain case or spacing ▪ Example
SELECT stu_nbr, enrol_mark/10 AS new_mark FROM enrolment;
SELECT stu_nbr, enrol_mark/10 AS “New Mark” FROM enrolment;
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Sorting Query Result
▪ “ORDER BY” clause – tuples have no order
– Must be used if more than one row may be returned
▪ Order can be ASCending or DESCending. The default is ASCending. – NULL values can be explicitly placed first/last using “NULLS
LAST” or “NULLS FIRST” command
▪ Sorting can be done for multiple columns.
– order of the sorting is specified for each column. ▪ Example:
SELECT stu_nbr, enrol_mark FROM enrolment
ORDER BY enrol_mark DESC
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Q5. What will be the output of the following SQL statement?
SELECT stu_nbr
FROM enrolment
WHERE enrol_mark IS NULL;
11111111
11111111
11111112
11111113
11111114
11111111
11111112
11111113
11111111
11111112
11111113
11111114
a.
b. c.
Removing Duplicate Rows in the Query Result
▪ Use “DISTINCT” as part of SELECT clause – use with care
SELECT DISTINCT stu_nbr FROM enrolment
WHERE enrol_mark IS NULL;
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SQL NATURAL JOIN
STUDENT
sno name
1 alex
2 maria
3 bob
SELECT *
FROM student JOIN qualification
QUALIFICATION
sno degree year
1 bachelor 1990
1 master 2000
2 PhD 2001
ON student.sno = qualification.sno ORDER BY student.sno
1 1 2
sno
name degree year
alex bachelor 1990 alex master 2000 maria PhD 2001
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SQL JOIN
▪ For database students are required to use ANSI JOINS
– placing the join in the where clause is not acceptable and will be marked as incorrect
for all assessment purposes
• such a join is sometimes known as “implicit join notation” – effectively a cross product and then restricted by the where clause
▪ ANSI JOINS – ON
• the general form which always works, hence the syntax we tend to use
• FROM student JOIN qualification ON student.sno = qualification.sno – USING
• requires matching attribute names for the PK and FK
• FROM student JOIN qualification USING (sno) – NATURAL
• requires matching attribute names for the PK and FK
• FROM student NATURAL JOIN qualification
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JOIN-ing Multiple Tables
Pair the PK and FK in the JOIN condition Note table aliasing e.g. unit u in FROM clause
SELECT s.stu_nbr, s.stu_lname, u.unit_name
FROM ((unit u JOIN enrolment e ON u.unit_code=e.unit_code)
JOIN student s ON e.stu_nbr=s.stu_nbr) ORDER BY s.stu_nbr, u.unit_name;
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How many conditions will be used to join the two tables?
SELECT *
FROM table1 t1 JOIN table2 t2 ON
(t1.T1_attribute1 = t2.T1_attribute1 AND
t1.T1_attribute2 = t2.T1_attribute2)
ORDER BY t1.T1_attribute1, t1.T1_attribute2;
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Summary
▪ SQL statement, clause, predicate. ▪ Writing SQL predicates.
– Comparison, range, set membership, pattern matching, is NULL
– Combining predicates using logic operators (AND, OR, NOT) ▪ Arithmetic operation.
– NVL function
▪ Column alias.
▪ Ordering (Sorting) result. ▪ Removing duplicate rows. ▪ JOIN-ing tables
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Oracle Date Data Type
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Oracle Data Datatype
▪ Dates are stored differently from the SQL standard – standard uses two different types: date and time – Oracle uses one type: DATE
• Stored in internal format contains date and time – Julian date as number (can use arithmetic)
• Output is controlled by formatting
– select to_char(sysdate,’dd-Mon-yyyy’) from dual;
» 04-May-2020 – select
to_char(sysdate,’dd-Mon-yyyy hh:mi:ss PM’) from dual;
» 04-May-2020 02:51:24 PM
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• DATE data type should be formatted with TO_CHAR when selecting for display.
• Text representing date must be formatted with TO_DATE when comparing or inserting/updating.
• Example:
select studid,
studfname || ‘ ‘ || studlname as StudentName,
to_char(studdob,’dd-Mon-yyyy’) as StudentDOB
from uni.student
where studdob >to_date(’01-Apr-1991′,’dd-Mon-yyyy’)
order by studdob;
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Current Date
• Current date can be queried from the DUAL table using the SYSDATE attribute.
– SELECT sysdate FROM dual; • Oracle internal attributes include:
– sysdate: current date/time
– systimestamp: current date/time as a timestamp – user: current logged in user
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Uni Data Model
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Putting this to Work
Q1. Show the ids, names of students as a single column called NAME and their DOBs. Order the output in date of birth order
Q2. Show the ids, names of students as a single column called NAME, unit code, and year and semester of enrolment where the mark is NULL. Order the output by student id, within unit code order
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Sample Solutions
Q1:
SELECT
studfname
|| ‘ ‘
|| studlname AS name, to_char(studdob, ‘DD-MON-YYYY’)
AS dob FROM
uni.student ORDER BY
studdob;
Q2:
SELECT studid,
studfname
|| ‘ ‘
|| studlname AS name, unitcode, to_char(ofyear,’YYYY’) AS year, semester
FROM
uni.student NATURAL JOIN uni.enrolment
WHERE
mark IS NULL
ORDER BY unitcode, studid;
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