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Scripts
Common Sense Reasoning
Frames
Understanding
Scripts
Common Sense Reasoning
Lesson Preview
Defining scripts
Form vs. content
Generating expectations
Hierarchies of scripts
Does this story make sense?
ο Yes
ο No
Ali asked, “Do you think we’ll have many customers in the next half-hour?”
Sarah replied, “Go ahead and grab your lunch.”
Definition of Scripts
A causally1 coherent2 set of events3.
1: Each event sets off, or causes, the next event.
2: The causal connections between events make sense.
3: The parts are actions or scenes in the world.
Roles: Agents involved in the execution of the script.
Track: Variations or “subclasses” of the particular script.
Scenes: The sequence of events that occurs during execution of the script.
Entry conditions: Conditions necessary to execute the script.
Result: Conditions that will be true after the script has taken place.
Props: Objects involved in the execution of the script.
Parts of a Script
Restaurant Script
Script
script : restaurant
track : formal dining
props : tables, menu, check,
money, F = food, P = place
roles : S = customer, W = waiter,
C = cook, M = cashier,
O = owner
entry : S is hungry, S has money
result : S has less money,
O has more money,
S is not hungry,
S is pleased
scenes :
Scene 1: Entering
Action Frame
prim. : move-object
agent : S
object : S
destination : P
Action Frame
prim. : see
agent : S
object : table
Action Frame
prim. : conclude
agent : S
result :
Action Frame
prim. : move-object
agent : S
object : S
destination : table
Action Frame
prim. : move-body-part
agent : S
part : body
destination : sitting
Action Frame
prim. : see
agent : W
object : S
Action Frame
prim. : move-object
agent : W
object : W
destination : S
Action Frame
prim. : move-object
agent : W
object : menu
destination : S
Action Frame
prim. : move-body-part
agent : S
part : body
destination : sitting
Action Frame
prim. : see
agent : W
object : S
Action Frame
prim. : move-object
agent : W
object : W
destination : S
Action Frame
prim. : move-object
agent : W
object : menu
destination : S
S = Salwa; P = Applebee’s; W = Lucas
Action Frame
prim. : move-body-part
agent : Salwa
part : body
destination : sitting
Action Frame
prim. : see
agent : Lucas
object : Salwa
Action Frame
prim. : move-object
agent : Lucas
object : Lucas
destination : Salwa
Action Frame
prim. : move-object
agent : Lucas
object : menu
destination : Salwa
S = Salwa; P = Applebee’s; W = Lucas
Action Frame
prim. : move-body-part
agent : Ashok
part : body
destination : sitting
Action Frame
prim. : see
agent : Andrew
object : Ashok
Action Frame
prim. : move-object
agent : Andrew
object : Andrew
destination : Ashok
Action Frame
prim. : move-object
agent : Andrew
object : menu
destination : Ashok
S = Ashok; P = Olive Garden; W = Andrew
Restaurant
Coffeehouse
Fast Food
Casual
Dining
Formal
Dining
Restaurant
Which of the following prior topics might help an agent learn a script? Check all that apply.
ο Semantic Networks
ο Frames
ο Production Systems
ο Learning by Recording Cases
ο Incremental Concept Learning
ο Planning
ο Commonsense Reasoning
Which of the following prior topics might help an agent use a script? Check all that apply.
ο Generate & Test
ο Means-Ends Analysis
ο Problem Reduction
ο Case-Based Reasoning
ο Classification
ο Logic
ο Understanding
Assignment
How would you use scripts to design an agent that could answer Raven’s progressive matrices?
To recap…
Defining scripts
Form vs. content
Generating expectations
Tracks
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