PowerPoint Presentation
Analogical Reasoning
Learning by Recording Cases
Case-Based Reasoning
Analogical Reasoning
Explanation-Based Learning
Analogical Reasoning
Lesson Preview
Similarity and case-based reasoning
Process of analogical reasoning
Design by analogy
Which of the situations on the right is most similar to the situation above?
Rank them from 1 (most similar) to 7 (least similar)
A woman is climbing a ladder.
A woman climbing a set of stairs.
An ant walking up the wall.
A woman painting a ladder.
A woman climbing the corporate ladder.
A water bottle sitting on a desk.
A woman climbing a step ladder.
A plane taking off into the sky.
5
3
6
4
1
2
7
Blue
Black
Red
Orange
Purple
Green
?
WidthWidth
Height
RouteDestinationXDestinationY
A10E8N
B1E8N
C10E4N
D2E1N
X8E2N
Y8E2N
Z1E9N
Is the origin
North of 5N?
East of 5E?
East of 5E?
B
C
D
Yes
No
Yes
Yes
No
No
East of 3E?
Yes
No
Y
East of 2E?
X
A
Yes
No
Target
Source
Target
Source
More similar
Less similar
Relations?Objects?Features?Values?
SimilarSimilarSimilarSimilar
SimilarSimilarSimilarDissimilar
SimilarSimilarDissimilarDissimilar
SimilarDissimilarDissimilarDissimilar
e.g. Recording Cases
e.g. Configuration
e.g. Case-Based Reasoning
e.g. Analogical Reasoning
Retrieval
Mapping
Evaluation
Storage
Transfer
Retrieval
Adaptation
Evaluation
Storage
Retrieval
Mapping
Evaluation
Storage
Transfer
RouteDestinationXDestinationY
A10E8N
B1E8N
C10E4N
D2E1N
X8E2N
Y8E2N
Z1E9N
Is the origin
North of 5N?
East of 5E?
East of 5E?
B
C
D
Yes
No
Yes
Yes
No
No
East of 3E?
Yes
No
Y
East of 2E?
X
A
Yes
No
Blue
Black
Red
Orange
Purple
Green
?
WidthWidth
Height
Deep Similarity
Relationships between objects
Relationships between relationships
Superficial Similarity
Features
Counts
Objects
A
B
A
B
Types of Similarity
Semantic
Conceptual similarity between the target problem and the source case.
Pragmatic
Similarity of external factors, such as goals.
Structural
Similarity between representational structures.
Mark whether each situation has deep similarity, superficial similarity, both, or neither with the situation above.
A woman is climbing a ladder.
DeepSuperficial
A woman climbing a set of stairs.
An ant walking up the wall.
A woman painting a ladder.
A woman climbing the corporate ladder.
A water bottle sitting on a desk.
A woman climbing a step ladder.
A plane taking off into the sky.
Sun
Mass
has
Planet
Mass
has
Force
Sun & Planet
between
Sun
Planet
attracts
Planet
Sun
attracts
Suns Mass
Planets Mass
greater than
Planet
Sun
revolves around
Force
Nucleus & Electron
between
Nucleus
Electron
attracts
Electron
Nucleus
attracts
Solar System
Atomic Structure
Electron
Nucleus
revolves around
Sun
Mass
has
Planet
Mass
has
Force
Sun & Planet
between
Sun
Planet
attracts
Planet
Sun
attracts
Suns Mass
Planets Mass
greater than
Planet
Sun
revolves around
Force
Nucleus & Electron
between
Nucleus
Electron
attracts
Electron
Nucleus
attracts
Solar System
Atomic Structure
What are the deep similarities between these two models?
Something revolves around something else.
Two things each have mass.
Mass & force are present.
A force exists between two objects.
The objects masses differ.
Two objects attract each other.
Electron
Nucleus
revolves around
Target
Source
Sun
Mass
has
Planet
Mass
has
Force
Sun & Planet
between
Sun
Planet
attracts
Planet
Sun
attracts
Suns Mass
Planets Mass
greater than
Planet
Sun
revolves around
Force
Nucleus & Electron
between
Nucleus
Electron
attracts
Electron
Nucleus
attracts
Solar System
Atomic Structure
How would you map the solar system to the atomic structure?
Sun Nucleus
Electron Nucleus
Nucleus Sun
Sun Planet
Planet Electron
Planet Sun
Planet Nucleus
Electron Planet
Sun Electron
Nucleus Planet
Electron
Nucleus
revolves around
Target
Source
Sun
Mass
has
Planet
Mass
has
Force
Sun & Planet
between
Sun
Planet
attracts
Planet
Sun
attracts
Suns Mass
Planets Mass
greater than
Planet
Sun
revolves around
Force
Nucleus & Electron
between
Nucleus
Electron
attracts
Electron
Nucleus
attracts
Electron
Nucleus
revolves around
Solar System
Atomic Structure
What would be transferred into the atomic structure model?
Nucleus has mass
Nucleus is a sun
Nucleus attracts electron
Electrons mass greater than nucleuss mass
Electron revolves around nucleus
Electron has mass
Electrons are planets
Nucleuss mass greater than electrons mass
Sun
Mass
has
Planet
Mass
has
Force
Sun & Planet
between
Sun
Planet
attracts
Planet
Sun
attracts
Suns Mass
Planets Mass
greater than
Planet
Sun
revolves around
Nucleus
Mass
has
Electron
Mass
has
Force
Nucleus & Electron
between
Nucleus
Electron
attracts
Electron
Nucleus
attracts
Nucleuss Mass
Electrons Mass
greater than
Solar System
Atomic Structure
Nucleus has mass
Nucleus is a sun
Nucleus attracts electron
Electrons mass greater than nucleuss mass
Electron revolves around nucleus
Electron has mass
Electrons are planets
Nucleuss mass greater than electrons mass
Electron
Nucleus
revolves around
Retrieval
Adaptation
Evaluation
Storage
Retrieval
Mapping
Evaluation
Storage
Transfer
Target
Source
Sun
Mass
has
Planet
Mass
has
Force
Sun & Planet
between
Sun
Planet
attracts
Planet
Sun
attracts
Suns Mass
Planets Mass
greater than
Planet
Sun
revolves around
Nucleus
Mass
has
Electron
Mass
has
Force
Nucleus & Electron
between
Nucleus
Electron
attracts
Electron
Nucleus
attracts
Nucleuss Mass
Electrons Mass
greater than
Electron
Nucleus
revolves around
Solar System
Atomic Structure
Image credit:
Common basilisk in Costa Rica by The Rambling Man Own work. Licensed under Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 3.0 via Wikimedia Commons https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Common_basilisk_in_Costa_Rica.jpg#mediaviewer/File:Common_basilisk_in_Costa_Rica.jpg
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Behavior Model
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Structure Model
Function Model
Size : large
State : small
Placement : left
Orientatin : right
Rotation : 90
Color : Blue
Thickness : thin
Species : cat
Age : 5
Weight : 54
Height : 43
Size : large
State : small
Placement : left
Orientatin : right
Rotation : 90
Color : Blue
Thickness : thin
Species : cat
Age : 5
Weight : 54
Height : 43
Structure Model
Behavior Model
dsacacsacdscdscsaca
dsacacsacdscdscsaca
dsacacsacdscdscsaca
dsacacsacdscdscsaca
dsacacsacdscdscsaca
Function Model
Size : large
State : small
Placement : left
Orientatin : right
Rotation : 90
Color : Blue
Thickness : thin
Species : cat
Age : 5
Weight : 54
Height : 43
Size : large
State : small
Placement : left
Orientatin : right
Rotation : 90
Color : Blue
Thickness : thin
Species : cat
Age : 5
Weight : 54
Height : 43
Retrieval
Mapping
Evaluation
Storage
Transfer
Retrieval
Mapping
Evaluation
Storage
Transfer
Retrieval
Mapping
Evaluation
Storage
Transfer
Retrieval
Mapping
Evaluation
Storage
Transfer
Advanced questions in analogical reasoning
Common vocabulary
Abstraction and transformation
Compound and compositional analogies
Visuospatial analogies
Conceptual combination
Assignment
How would you use analogical reasoning to design an agent that could answer Ravens progressive matrices?
To recap
Similarity
Analogical retrieval
Analogical mapping
Analogical transfer
Evaluation and storage
Design by analogy
Copepod
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