COURSEWORK OVERVIEW
Module: |
BENV0085: Engineered Environmental Elements |
Coursework: |
Portfolio: Performance Analysis of Building Systems Components |
Weighting: |
100% |
Coursework Issued: |
November 6th , 2024 |
Submission Deadline: |
11:00am, January 8th , 2025 |
Word Limit: |
3000 words |
Page Limit: |
20 pages |
File format: |
Submit your report online as a single Word or PDF file. Use the provided cover page and make sure not to include your name anywhere (including the name of the file) – use your candidate code instead. Besides, you should submit separately (as a single zip file) all models you created and key output files (as required in the brief below). In preparing your report, make sure you use the cover page provided and you check your work for plagiarism. You should name all your files according to the convention: [Module code]__[Your UCL candidate code]__[date] |
Submission instructions: |
ALL students to submit a complete electronic copy of coursework submission through Moodle (using the Turnitin system). This is the copy that will be used to assess the work, so it is the FINAL copy. |
Coursework Aims (Learning Outcomes)
Upon successful completion of the coursework, students should be able to:
• Explain and analyse a wide range of fundamental building systems components, their performance and inter-relationship.
• Demonstrate hands-on experience with using component-level simulation tools and pre-developed libraries of building systems components models.
• Plan building systems components performance analysis, assemble appropriate components model, conduct analysis and critically examine model’s outputs.
• Communicate project results directed at audiences of varied backgrounds.
Overall Brief
As part of the everyday activities of digital engineers and energy analysts, they have to address a variety of engineering problems concerning the design and performance of energy systems. These problems typically require performing calculations and communicating recommendations/decisions to clients. This coursework collects a set of situational examples that might be encountered in your professional life. You need to understand the requirements (as stated in the coursework brief), develop your models and/or use property tables or software, use your knowledge and relevant tools to perform engineering calculations, and summarise your results in a form that is suitable for external non-specialist audiences (clients). You will be involved in three projects:
Project 1: Analysis of a vapour compression system
Refrigeration system with outdated refrigerant is improved by replacing the outdated refrigerant with new and environmentally friendly refrigerants and by changing the system design (replace the initial system with a cascade system). The main goal is to evaluate the performance of modernised systems and to compare their performance to that of the initial system.
Project 2: Air conditioning facility in Barcelona, Spain
An initially designed air-conditioning system has limited control capabilities of a supply air tempera- ture. The proposed improvements include two ways of controlling supply air temperature. The main goal is to assess the energy performance of the key system elements as well as the behaviour of the most important system parameters for varied system configurations.
Project 3: Offsetting electric energy demand using renewable energy sources
Energy demand can, in some cases, be fully or partially covered by energy generated by renewables. Bringing supply and demand closer to each other can result in a reduction of CO2 emissions. Solar photovoltaic (PV) system is one of the renewable technologies which can be utilised to achieve this. The main goal of this task is to analyse the impact of the main PV system parameters (such as size and orientation) on the PV plant output and to evaluate the potential for fully or partially offsetting electricity demand created by the air-conditioning system described in the project 2.
Details on what is required for each project can be found in the corresponding sections below.
Resources needed to complete this coursework
The weather files and supplementary information is available on the Moodle page of the module. The main software packages you will be using for the tasks are:
• Coolprop (using the Python binding)
• Modelica/Dymola
• Selected components from the Modelica Buildings library (version 10.0.0)
Details on where to obtain/download and install each of these tools have been provided during in- duction week. You are welcome to use alternative tools (or even tables), but using the tools above is recommended, as much of the pre-requisite knowledge has been covered in the practical sessions that followed each lecture. You are also welcome to use (referencing appropriately) external sources for additional information/data required to make a solid recommendation.
If you have any questions or remarks on any of the tasks, you are encouraged to post on the Moodle Question & Answer Forum on the Module Moodle Page.
Project 1: Analysis of a vapour compression system
Statement
A frozen food processing factory located in Barcelona, Spain with a peak ambient temperature of 35 。C, keeps the foods stored in a cold room at −15 。C and the cooling load (refrigeration effect) at the peak capacity is 20 kW. Currently, the factory employs a single-stage vapour compression system with R236fa as a refrigerant. The company has decided to upgrade the system to one with a more environmentally friendly refrigerant. A consultant (you) has been appointed to redesign the system. The refrigerants available at the local market, which cover the operating temperature range, are R40 and R1233zd(E). The proposal is to evaluate two possible system upgrade scenarios:
1. Replace R236fa in a single-stage vapour compression system (Figure 1) with:
(a) R40, or
(b) R1233zd(E)
Figure 1: Single-stage vapour compression system
Figure 2: Cascade vapour compression system
2. Use a cascade system (Figure 2) with:
(a) R40 in both lower temperature cycle and higher temperature cycle,
(b) R1233zd(E) in both lower temperature cycle and higher temperature cycle,
(c) R40 in the lower temperature cycle and R1233zd(E) in the higher temperature cycle, or
(d) R1233zd(E) in the lower temperature cycle and R40 in the higher temperature cycle.
The client has appointed you to provide them with answers to the following:
1. Which solution from the first upgrade scenario would you propose based on the COP of the system at peak capacity? How do the proposed systems perform (in terms of COP) when compared to the original R236fa system?
2. Which solution from the second upgrade scenario would you propose based on the optimal COP of the system at peak capacity? What is the optimal intermediate temperature in the proposed cascade system (Tc_low ≈ Te_high)? Plot the proposed cascade system performance (COP vs intermediate temperature). How do the proposed systems perform (in terms of COP) when compared to the original R236fa system?
3. A detailed description of a cascade vapour compression system.
Hints:
• Use the ideal refrigeration cycle for this analysis.
• The temperature of the refrigerant in the evaporator (evaporation temperature) is 10 。C cooler than the cold room temperature.
• The temperature of the refrigerant in the condenser (condensation temperature) is 15 。C higher than the ambient temperature.
• Heat rejection from the lower cycle to the higher cycle takes place in an adiabatic counter-flow heat exchanger where phase change in both streams happens at about the same temperature (Tc__low ≈ Te__high). (In practice, the working fluid of the lower cycle is at a higher temperature
in the heat exchanger for effective heat transfer.)
Project 2: Air-conditioning facility
Statement
An air-conditioning facility installed in Barcelona, Spain, shown in Figure 3, is composed of an air- cooled chiller, a chilled water pump, a fan and a heat exchanger. The initial design has the following characteristics (Task2a in the Modelica .mo input file provided with the coursework brief):
• Air-cooled liquid chiller with R134a refrigerant and the nominal capacity of 743.7 kW.
• Constant speed chilled water pump which keeps the constant chilled water volume flow rate in the chilled water loop of 115 m3/h (0.032m3/s or mass flow rate of 32kg/s).
• Constant speed air fan which keeps the constant outdoor air volume flow rate of 48 000 m3/h (13.33m3/s or mass flow rate of 16kg/s).
• The chilled water temperature leaving the chiller (and entering the cooling coil – water side), tch__out , is controlled to a fixed setpoint of 7 。C.
The system as designed operates with a variable temperature of the air delivered to the conditioned space (and leaving the cooling coil – air-side), t air_out, which fluctuates between 8 。C and 10 。C during most of the warm season period.
Due to persistent complaints from occupiers of the conditioned space about non-comfortable conditions caused by the cold air draft, a consultant (you) has been appointed to modify the system to operate with the fixed temperature of the air delivered to the conditioned space, tair__out . The desired fixed setpoint is set to 13 。C.
You decide to analyse two possible system modification scenarios:
Figure 3: Air-conditioned system (initial design)
Figure 4: Air-conditioned system (with the cooling coil bypass)
1. To introduce the three-port valve and the bypass in the chilled water loop (Figure 4) which are used to modulate the chilled water flow rate through the cooling coil to keep the air temperature constant at 13 。C. The amount of water flowing through the chiller (and chilled water pump) remains as initially designed (constant). The air-side has no changes except the installation of the air temperature sensor in the air stream path after the cooling coil (Task2b in the Modelica .mo input file provided with the coursework brief).
2. To keep the water-side intact and to control the air delivered to the conditioned space temperature (at 13 。C by modulating the airflow rate via installing the variable speed drive (VSD) which controls the fan motor speed (Figure 5). (Task2c in the Modelica .mo input file provided with the coursework brief).
The chilled water temperature is controlled by a fixed setpoint (tch_out = 7 。C) in both scenarios. The conclusions are to be provided based on the analysis conducted for the particularly warm summer week; week 35 (the simulation interval start time is a day 239 while the simulation interval stop time is a day 246. The external weather conditions are provided in .mos file supplied with this coursework brief).
You are asked to prepare a report with the following information:
Note: You may want to focus on the subset while providing more in-depth analyses.
• Mandatory: Choose one from three provided systems (initial design + two system modification scenarios) and determine the heat and moisture removal rates from the air passing across the cooling coil on the Noon of the first day of the simulation period (timestamp: 239.5d). Assume that the moisture in the air that condenses during the process is removed at the temperature of the air leaving the cooling coil and assume that the air pressure is 1 atm. Use Dymola to
Figure 5: Air-conditioned system (with the VSD)
obtain necessary air properties such as air mass flow rate, temperature, specific humidity and/or enthalpy of air entering/leaving the cooling coil. Conduct calculations in Python by using the CoolProp. Sketch the process in the psychrometric diagram.
• Chiller, pump and fan energy consumptions for the analysed week with the discussion on differ- ences (and cause of differences) among analysed scenarios.
• Chiller COP in all three scenarios (and a reason for a difference, if any).
• Heat exchanged between water stream and air stream.
• The temperature of the air delivered to the conditioned space both uncontrolled and controlled (temperature oscillations as a function of the control mechanism).
• For the second modification scenario air flow rates compared to the constant flow rate operation.
• The temperature of the water leaving the cooling coil in all three scenarios.
• The first modification scenario water flow rates through the cooling coil compared to the operation without bypass.
Hint: Use 0.001 for the integration tolerance within the simulation setup to decrease simulation time.
Project 3: Offsetting electric energy demand using renewable energy sources
Statement
As part of the previous project, there is a discussion about offsetting electricity requirements using renewable energy sources. You are tasked to explore the opportunity of installing a solar photovoltaic (PV) plant to support and partially offset the electricity requirements of the air-conditioning facility. Analyse the coupling of the air-conditioning facility with the PV plant with respect to the PV net surface area, the PV tilt angle, and the PV azimuth angle.
Hint: Compare the PV power output with the fan/pump/chiller power inputs.
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