[SOLVED] 编程辅导 LECTURE 03

LECTURE 03
BOTTOM-UP AND TOP-DOWN PERSPECTIVES ON PERCEPTION PERCEPTION AND OBJECT RECOGNITION: INSIGHTS FROM THE BRAIN BRIDGING PERCEPTION TO OTHER COGNITIVE DOMAINS SKILLS: EXAM PREPARATION
PSYB57: INTRODUCTION TO COGNITIVE PSYCHOLOGY | UNIVERSITY OF TORONTO, SCARBOROUGH | PROF. MICHAEL SOUZA
Thinking ahead to the structure of our assessments

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All of the exams will consist of multiple-choice and short-answer questions
 Exams will be conducted on Quercus Quizzes
 You will begin with short-answer questions, and will then proceed to multiple-choice  You will engage one question at a time and may not go back
 Point values for every question will be clearly visible
 Time management is a critical skill in such a testing environment

Identifying the challenges with multiple-choice questions
Multiple-choice questions aren’t necessarily as easy as you might think…
 Familiarity with an answer option’s content does not necessarily equal correct
 None of the above requires you to carefully evaluate all answer options before making a
decision (requires full process of elimination, versus all of the above)
 A misinformation effect from incorrect options may persist if knowledge base is weaker
A few pointers for multiple-choice questions Read the question carefully; ensure you understand what you are being asked
 Speed reading a question can result in an incorrect inference about the goal of the question, hence increasing the likelihood that you get lured into false options
 Ignore the response options during this phase; they just aren’t relevant yet Recall to Reject (see work from,)
 Before proceeding to the processing of the options, draw on what you know given the context of the question to hypothesize what the answer might involve (i.e., if the question is about Theory X, first bring to mind what you know about this theory)
 Use your grounded knowledge of this theory to guide your scrutiny of the answer options
 Recall to Reject helps to mitigate the temptation of blindly talking yourself into answers
 Remember, none of the above means that the other four (4) options are all false

Identifying the challenges with short-answer questions
Unlike typical multiple-choice questions, you must explicitly produce knowledge to answer a given question (i.e., recognizing a concept is insufficient)
 You may not know the necessary information to answer the question;
 You may know the necessary information, but you communicate your understanding in a vague or difficult to evaluate manner;
 You may know the necessary information but you “information dump” everything you know about the topic to “ensure full marks.”
An approach to SA questions: RIOT?
Read the question very carefully; ideally, more than once
 If you understand the question incorrectly, you’ll likely answer it incorrectly
 Context and clues are often provided in a question. We carefully choose the words we use
to give you enough to provide sufficient guidance, but not enough to give it away
Identify the specific questions/elements you need to address
 It can be helpful to underline or box the specific question to make it visually salient
 If there are multiple points to address, box them individually to ensure that you’ve
identified all of the parts that are relevant to this question
Outline the pieces of your response
 After quickly reminding yourself of what relevant concepts/ideas mean, start to sketch out a quick outline of what you feel needs to be covered. Ensure that the framework connects ideas/concepts where that may be required
 This doesn’t capture all the details of your response; it’s the framework for your answer
Transition from outline to response
 Use your outline to scaffold how your ideas progress to properly answer the question

Cognitive psychology and neuroscience operated separately – and in parallel – for quite some time before coming together as cognitive neuroscience. Explain how each field could operate independently of the other and argue why it is optimal for them to operate together (8).
Time to RIOT!
Read the question very carefully; ideally, multiple times
 If you understand the question incorrectly, you’ll likely answer it incorrectly
 Context and clues are often provided in a question. We carefully choose the words we use
to give you enough to provide sufficient guidance, but not enough to give it away
Cognitive psychology and neuroscience operated separately – and in parallel – for quite some time before coming together as cognitive neuroscience. Explain how each field could operate independently of the other and argue why it is optimal for them to operate together (8).

Time to RIOT!
Identify the specific questions/elements you need to address
 It can be helpful to underline or box the specific question to make it visually salient  If there are multiple points to address, box them individually to ensure that you’ve
identified all of the parts that are relevant to this question
Cognitive psychology and neuroscience operated separately – and in parallel – for quite some time before coming together as cognitive neuroscience. Explain how each field could operate independently of the other and argue why it is optimal for them to operate together (8).
Time to RIOT!
Outline the pieces of your response
 After quickly reminding yourself of what relevant concepts/ideas mean, start to sketch out a quick outline of what you feel needs to be covered. Ensure that the framework connects ideas/concepts where that may be required
 This doesn’t capture all the details of your response; it’s the framework for your answer
Cognitive psychology and neuroscience operated separately – and in parallel – for quite some time before coming together as cognitive neuroscience. Explain how each field could operate independently of the other and argue why it is optimal for them to operate together (8).
a. Cognitive psych: steps involved in mental processes
b. Neuroscience: structure and function of the nervous system
c. Cog psych creates models of cognition, can find where the parts of that
model occur in brain with neuro

Time to RIOT!
Transition from outline to response
 Use your outline to scaffold how your ideas progress to properly answer the question
Cognitive psychology and neuroscience operated separately – and in parallel – for quite some time before coming together as cognitive neuroscience. Explain how each field could operate independently of the other and argue why it is optimal for them to operate together (8).
a. Cognitive psych: steps involved in mental processes
Cognitive psychology focuses on creating and testing models to understand the steps involved in a particular cognitive process (e.g., memory), which does not require a focus on its biological basis.
Time to RIOT!
Transition from outline to response
 Use your outline to scaffold how your ideas progress to properly answer the question
Cognitive psychology and neuroscience operated separately – and in parallel – for quite some time before coming together as cognitive neuroscience. Explain how each field could operate independently of the other and argue why it is optimal for them to operate together (8).
a. Cognitive psych: steps involved in mental processes
b. Neuroscience: structure and function of the nervous system
Cognitive psychology focuses on creating models and testing to understand the steps involved in a particular cognitive process (e.g., memory), which does not require a focus on its biological basis.
Neuroscience focuses on understanding how the nervous system operates, which does not require an exploration of cognitive processes.

Time to RIOT!
Transition from outline to response
 Use your outline to scaffold how your ideas progress to properly answer the question
Cognitive psychology and neuroscience operated separately – and in parallel – for quite some time before coming together as cognitive neuroscience. Explain how each field could operate independently of the other and argue why it is optimal for them to operate together (8).
a. Cognitive psych: steps involved in mental processes
b. Neuroscience: structure and function of the nervous system
c. Cog psych creates models of cognition, can find where the parts of that
model occur in brain with neuro
Cognitive psychology focuses on creating and testing models to understand the steps involved in a particular cognitive process (e.g., memory), which does not require a focus on its biological basis.
Neuroscience focuses on understanding how the nervous system operates, which does not require an exploration of cognitive processes.
Cognitive psychology and neuroscience operate better together because a neuroscience approach can be used to evaluate the biological plausibility of models we engineer in cognitive psychology (i.e., how well does this model fit with what we know about brain structure/function?)
Reflecting on RIOT
Read the question very carefully; ideally, multiple times
 If you understand the question incorrectly, you’ll likely answer it incorrectly
 Context and clues are often provided in a question. We carefully choose the words we use
to give you enough to provide sufficient guidance, but not enough to give it away
Identify the specific questions/elements you need to address
 It can be helpful to underline or box the specific question to make it visually salient
 If there are multiple points to address, box them individually to ensure that you’ve
identified all of the parts that are relevant to this question
Outline the pieces of your response
 After quickly reminding yourself of what relevant concepts/ideas mean, start to sketch out a quick outline of what you feel needs to be covered. Ensure that the framework connects ideas/concepts where that may be required
 This doesn’t capture all the details of your response; it’s the framework for your answer
Transition from outline to response
 Use your outline to scaffold how your ideas progress to properly answer the question

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