[SOLVED] scheme flex Hive Introduction and Main Information

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Introduction and Main Information

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Introduction and main information

The purpose of this guide is to help consumers to make an informed choice when buying a new car,

by enabling them to easily identify models which could save them money on fuel costs as well as

reducing the impact on the environment. The guide lists the fuel consumption, carbon dioxide (CO2),

and other emissions performance figures of NEW cars, currently on the market in the UK. It also

seeks to advise on key environmental issues as well as give guidance on ways of reducing the impact

of cars on the environment. The figures shown are obtained from official tests, which are required

before a model of car may be offered for sale. Figures are listed for most new petrol and diesel cars

on sale in the UK as well as for some cars powered by alternative fuels (Liquefied Petroleum Gas or

Compressed Natural Gas). Figures are also listed for some hybrid vehicles, which use both electric

motors and internal combustion engines, and for pure electric cars.

Climate change, often referred to as global warming (which is one aspect of climate change), is

considered to be one of the greatest environmental threats facing the world today. When

hydrocarbons (HC) (petrol, diesel and most alternative fuels) are burnt for energy in an internal

combustion engine the main by-products are water and carbon dioxide (CO2), along with a number

of other emissions.Although not directly harmful to human health, CO2 is the most significant of the

greenhouse gases contributing to climate change. In 2013 domestic transport emissions made up

around a fifth of all UK domestic greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions, with road transport contributing

around 93% of transport GHG emissions. Road transport is also one of the major sources of the air

quality pollutants which are harmful to human health, especially in urban areas.

IMPORTANT NOTE

The fuel consumption figures quoted in this guide are obtained under specific test conditions, and

therefore may not necessarily be achieved under real life driving conditions. A range of factors

influence actual fuel consumption for example, driving style and behaviour, as well as the

environment under which the vehicle is operated such as type of road and traffic flow.The test

figures are intended to be used for the purpose of making comparisons between models.

Since several different specifications (variants or versions) of a given model may be grouped

together in the list, the figures used in this guide should be treated as indicative only.

Unlike the CO2 and fuel consumption figures, the figures for emissions of air quality pollutants

should not be used to directly compare different models of vehicle. This is because all of the cars

on sale will necessarily have passed the appropriate Euro standard pollutant emissions test, but

the figures for emissions of these pollutants should be treated as indicative rather than absolute.

The small variations between them on that regulatory test that the tabulated figures show provide

a much less reliable comparison of real-world performance than do the fuel consumption and CO2

figures.

A searchable version of the data is available through the website:

http://carfueldata.direct.gov.uk/, as is some historic information. Please note that the web version

of this guide is updated between publications, and so will contain the most up to date

information.

http://carfueldata.direct.gov.uk/

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CARS AND CARBON DIOXIDE

The accumulation of key greenhouse gases (most importantly CO2 and methane) in the atmosphere

due to human activities is contributing to climate change. Unless action is taken to reduce emissions

of greenhouse gases, such as CO2, the whole pattern of the worlds weather could change, increasing

the frequency and intensity of extreme weather events such as heatwaves, floods, droughts and

storms. The Climate Change Act (2008) set a long-term legally binding framework for greenhouse gas

reduction in the UK. The Act requires the UK Government to reduce greenhouse gas emissions by at

least 34% by 2020 and 80% by 2050 from 1990 levels in the UK. The Government has set out its plan

of action for greenhouse gas reduction in the Carbon Plan (December 2011). The plan identifies that

transport has a critical role in meeting the Climate Change Act (2008) obligations.

Transport is an engine for economic growth.Its role in moving people and goods around the

country is vital, but it is also a major source of greenhouse gas emissions. In 2013, domestic and

international transport accounted for 26% of all UK greenhouse gas emissions. The Carbon Plan

identifies a wide-ranging strategy for reducing emissions from the transport sector. In the short

term, the most significant greenhouse gas savings from transport are likely to come from improving

the fuel efficiency of conventional vehicles and increased use of sustainable biofuels, see Cars and

Fuel Options for more information on biofuels.

The CO2 emissions of a car are directly proportional to the quantity of fuel consumed by an engine.

While there has been progress in reducing emissions of air quality pollutants from vehicles, there

has been less progress in reducing CO2 from cars despite improvements in engine efficiency.

Nevertheless, despite the tendency in recent years for cars to become heavier as showroom models

arrive better equipped and with more features than ever before, consumers are increasingly

choosing lower CO2 emitting vehicles and so the rate of CO2 reduction is showing some

improvement.

Measures to reduce car CO2 emissions

In 1998, the European Commission and industry associations of the major motor vehicle

manufacturers agreed to reduce the average CO2 emissions of new cars. This voluntary agreement

aimed to cut the average CO2 emissions of new cars by over 25% by 2008/9 to 140g CO2/km, and as

a result to see a 25% improvement in average fuel consumption.

In 2009 a European Regulation setting binding targets to reduce the CO2 emissions of new cars (EC

Regulation No. 443/2009) entered into force.The main features of the Regulation are as follows:

The target is for an overall European fleet average of 130g/km of CO2 emissions from 2015

(phased in from 2012);

In order to meet this average, manufacturers are set a specific emissions target to meet,

based on the types of vehicles they actually sell in any given year rather than requiring

each individual vehicle to be less than 130g CO2/km.This allows a broad range of vehicles to

remain on sale with manufacturers deciding where they make improvements to ensure

compliance;

The type of vehicle is currently determined by its mass.Manufacturers that sell

predominately heavier cars will have a higher grams of CO2/km target;

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There are different arrangements for manufacturers that produce very small numbers of

cars in any year, so as to protect the diversity of the market;

There is a further target for improvement from 2021, set at 95g CO2/km (95% fleet phase in

from 2020).

There are several facts to bear in mind for anyone owning or driving a car who is wondering how the

Regulation will affect them:

The regulation is purely a matter for manufacturers.It will not directly require drivers or car

buyers to do anything different.However, manufacturers might encourage sales of their

more fuel-efficient models in order to ensure that they meet the target that they have been

given;

It works on an average basis.It does not require individual cars to meet a particular

threshold for CO2 (unlike air quality legislation) or ban cars on the basis of their CO2

emissions;

It only applies to new cars.It does not mean that older, higher-emitting, cars have to be

taken off the road;

It applies to all new cars registered in the EU.It does not just apply to European

manufacturers;

It is not about setting different targets for different countries.Whilst manufacturers may, of

course, choose to vary what they offer between countries, the targets are for the EU as a

whole;

It does not tell governments how to set vehicle-related taxes.This will continue to be a

matter for each country.

In the UK, a number of other steps have been taken to promote the purchase and use of more fuel-

efficient vehicles:

In the March 2001 Budget the Chancellor announced the extension of the lower rate of

Vehicle Excise Duty (VED) to cover cars in the Private and Light Goods (PLG) taxation class

with an engine size of 1549cc or less;

Since March 2001, a system of Graduated VED has been in operation for new cars based

primarily on their level of CO2 emissions. The system is currently comprised of 13 CO2 bands.

Since April 2010, a different rate of tax applies to a vehicle at first registration (first licence).

The standard year rate applies in subsequent years. Zero emission vehicles are exempt from

all VED.

Since April 2002, company car tax has been based on the CO2 emissions of the vehicle

provided to an employee for their private use.

From January 2011, the Government has offered grants of up to 5000 off the price of

certain Ultra Low Emission Vehicles (ULEV) the Plug in Car Grant (PiCG).Pure electric,

hydrogen and most plug in hybrid cars qualify for the grant. To qualify, vehicles must emit

75g or less of CO2 per kilometre from the tailpipe and have a zero emission range of at least

10 miles.The PiCG is now set at a maximum of up to 4500.

Since April 2013, news cars emitting less than 95g CO2 per km can qualify for a 100% first-

year allowance. Cars that are leased do not qualify.

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Electric vehicles are also exempt from the fuel benefit charge, as electricity is not classed as

a fuel.

CO2 Targets for V

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[SOLVED] scheme flex Hive Introduction and Main Information
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