Computer Architecture
Course code: 0521292B 15. IO System
Jianhua Li
College of Computer and Information Hefei University of Technology
slides are adapted from CA course of wisc, princeton, mit, berkeley, etc.
The uses of the slides of this course are for educa/onal purposes only and should be
used only in conjunc/on with the textbook. Deriva/ves of the slides must
acknowledge the copyright no/ces of this and the originals.
1
6.1
6.2
6.3
6.4 RAID
6.5 I/OCPU 6.6 I/O
/I/O I/O:
I/O
I/O
I/OVon Neumann
:
(Response Time) (Reliability)
I/OCPU
:I/O
;
I/O;
I/O CPU;
6.1 I/O10% CPUI/O ?
CPU10
CPU100
:1CPU 10(I/O):
(1 10%)/10 + 10% = 0.19
:550% CPUI/O
CPU100: (1 10%)/100 + 10% = 0.109
1090% I/O
I/O
?
(!) ?
? ?
6.1
6.2
6.3
6.4 RAID
6.5 I/OCPU 6.6 I/O
:;
;
;
:
Flash, SSD
()
-Hard Disk
:
:1~12 :3600~15000 :1.0(25.4)~3.5(8.9)
:5000~30000
:100~500
6.1
:
= + + +
: 3~45
:
3.5 GBTB
(Disk Cache)
=
$3,000 $2,500 $2,000 $1,500 $1,000
$500
20M 80M 210M 420M 1050M 2100M 4200M 9100M 18200M 36400M 72800M
$0
83 84 85 86 87 88 89 90 91 92 93 94 95 96 97 98 99200020012002
6.2
1*105 $/MB
1*104 1*103 1*102 1*101 1
1 * 1 0- 1 1 * 1 0- 2
SRAM DRAM
1980 1985
1980
1995 2000
1990 1985 1990
1995
2000
1980 1985
1990
1995 2000
1
1*101
1*102
1*103 1*104 1*105
1*106
1*107
1*108
n s
6.3
Flash
E2PROME2PROM
: (50mw)
/
DRAM
(SSD)
6.4
$/IOPS/GB
noise
6.1
6.2
6.3
6.4 RAID
6.5 I/OCPU 6.6 I/O
MTTF
MTTF/MTBF()
6.2 MTTF
:
1 10MTTF
1000000;
2 1SCSIMTTF500000; 3 1MTTF200000; 4 1MTTF200000;
5 1SCSIMTTF1000000
, ; MTTF
::
1+1+1+1+1
=10
1000000 500000 200000 200000 1000000
= 23 1000000
MTTF:
1000000
MTTF = 23 =43500
5
:
6.1
6.2
6.3
6.4 RAID
6.5 I/OCPU 6.6 I/O
RAID
Redundant Array of Inexpensive Disks
Redundant Array of Independent Disks
1988David Patterson
RAID
1 RAID
2
3
4 23RAID RAID-03
RAID
:
()
MTTR
:
RAID-0
RAID
A
B
C
D
E
F
G
H
I
J
K
L
M
N
O
etc
RAID-1
A
A
B
B
C
C
==
D
D
E
E
F
F
G
G
H
H
RAID-1
RAID-1RAID-0
RAIDRAID-1
()
RAID-01
RAID-0 > RAID-1
B
C
D
A
B
C
D
A
E
F
G
H
E
F
G
H
I
J
K
L
I
J
K
L
M
N
O
etc
M
N
O
etc
RAID-10
RAID-1 > RAID-0
A
A
B
B
C
C
D
D
E
E
F
F
G
G
H
H
I
I
J
J
K
K
L
L
M
M
N
N
O
O
etc
etc
RAID-2 (bit-interleaved hamming code)
(ECC)
A1
A2
A3
Ecc/Ax
Ecc/Ay
Ecc/Az
A0
B0
B1
B2
B3
Ecc/Bx
Ecc/By
Ecc/Bz
C0
C1
C2
C3
Ecc/Cx
Ecc/Cy
Ecc/Cz
D0
D1
D2
D3
Ecc/Dx
Ecc/Dy
Ecc/Dz
RAID-2
?
RAID-3 (bit/byte-interleaved parity)
:
A1
A2
A3
A
A0
B0
B1
B2
B3
B
C0
C1
C2
C3
C
D0
D1
D2
D3
D
RAID-3
:
:
:IO
RAID-3
:41: ;
32 !!!
D0
D0
D1
D2
D3
P
D0
D1
D2
D3
P
RAID-4 (block-interleaved parity)
()
A0
A1
A2
A3
A
B0
B1
B2
B3
B
C0
C1
C2
C3
C
D0
D1
D2
D3
D
RAID-4
RAID-3
RAID-3
RAID-3
RAID-4:
RAID-4
:41
; 22
!!!
D0
D0
D1
D2
D3
P
D0
D1
D2
D3
P
RAID-5 (block-interleaved distributed parity)
A0
B0
C0
D0
0
A1
B1
C1
1
E1
A2
B2
2
D2
E2
A3
3
C3
D3
E3
4
B4
C4
D4
E4
RAID-5
P0 P1
P2
P3 P4
P5 ..
01 45
89
12 13 16 17
20 21
23 01 67 45
1011 89
2 3 P0 6 P1 7
P2 10 11
13 14 15 17 18 19
22 25 P5
.. .. ..
RAID5
14 15 18 19
22 25
12 P3 P4 16
20 21
.. ..
.. .. .. .. RAID3 RAID4
RAID-6
(P+Q)
()
A0
B0
C0
0
A1
B1
1
A
A2
2
B
D1
3
C
C1
D2
D
B2
C2
D3
RAID-6
RAID-5;
; RAID-5;
RAID-66 ?
RAID
:
:
:
RAIDI/O
PC
RAID
;
RAID;
RAID
;
6.1
6.2
6.3
6.4 RAID
6.5 I/OCPU 6.6 I/O
6.5 I/OCPU
:
DMA
(bus)
:
BitBus, MultiBus, UniBus, PC-Bus(8), AT-Bus(16), PCI, Compact PCI, PCI-E, PCI-X, VXI, PXI, SCXI, RS-232C, RS-422, RS-485, USB, 1394, SATA, PATA, SCSI, AMBA
: I/O
NoC
(:64)
(:8)
()
()
()
1 2 3 0 1 1 1
:
:
IDE / Ultra ATA
SCSI
PCI
PCI-X
16bit
8 / 16bit
32 / 64bit
32 / 64bit
MHz
100
10(Fast) 20(Ultra) 40(Ultra2) 80(Ultra3) 160(Ultra4)
33 / 66
66 / 100 / 133
200MB/s
320MB/s
533MB/s
1066MB/s
ANSI X3.131
I2C
1-wire
RS-232
SPI
(bit)
1
1
2
1
2
1
9 / 25
3
(MHz)
0.4 ~ 10
0.04
(Mb/s)
0.4 ~ 3.4
0.014
0.192
1
EIA, ITU-T V.21
RS-232 COM1 COM2
–
CPU
Cache
CPU
I/O I/O
I/O
I/O
CPUI/O
I/O
I/O
I/O
DMA
DMA
:
I/OCPUCPUI/O
CPU
:
I/O
:I/O DMA
:
1 CPUI/O
;
2 ;
3 / ;
:
4 /
5
6
7
8 :
I/O :
1. CPU
2. CPU I/OCPU
3. CPUCPU I/O
OC
OC
OC
I/O
I/O
I/O
I/O I/O
CPU
CPU I/O
I/O
I/O
CPU
3:
CPU
;
CPU
;
;
;
n
:
:
TS:
TD:
p:
n:
k: k
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