LECTURE 04
THEORIES OF ATTENTION AND STUDIES OF CONTROLLED ATTENTION VISUOSPATIAL NEGLECT
PSYB57: INTRODUCTION TO COGNITIVE PSYCHOLOGY | UNIVERSITY OF TORONTO, SCARBOROUGH | PROF. MICHAEL SOUZA
Neurological foundations of controlled attention
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The control of spatial attention is an essential cognitive function.
While both hemispheres contribute to attentional control, the right hemisphere (RH) appears to have a much more substantial role to play
Dysfunction of the RH’s attentional control network may result in subtle or profound impairments of attention
(brain image of a stroke to the RH)
Image: http://trialx.com/curetalk/wp-content/blogs.dir/7/files/2011/05/diseases/Hemispatial_Neglect-1.jpg
Hemispatial neglect
Attention (i.e., conscious awareness) of the left side of space is systematically disrupted due to damage to the RH’s attentional network
a.k.a., “visuospatial neglect,” “neglect syndrome” or even just “neglect” Image: http://trialx.com/curetalk/wp-content/blogs.dir/7/files/2011/05/diseases/Hemispatial_Neglect-1.jpg
Line bisection task
Visual search tasks
Line cancellation task and the target detection task
“Cross out all of the lines you see” “Circle all of the letter “A’s”
Mesulam (1999), Phil Trans R Soc Lond, 354, 1325-46
Drawing a clock
Image courtesy of M. D’Esposito
Drawing people, objects
Image courtesy of M. D’Esposito and Gazzaniga’s Cog Neuro (4th ed)
Image courtesy of M. D’Esposito
Neglect and the viewing of chimeric faces
(arrow = no bias)
Mattingley, Bradshaw, Phillips & Bradshaw (1993), Brain and Cognition, 23, 145-65.
Mattingley, Bradshaw, Phillips & Bradshaw (1993), Brain and Cognition, 23, 145-65.
(arrow = no bias)
Original Right-right version Left-left version photograph
Internal cognition and neglect
Bisiach, Capitani, Luzzatti & Perani (1981), Neuropsychologia, 19(4), 543-51
Eye tracking technology and neglect
Typical controls
Picture: https://cdn-images-1.medium.com/max/1600/1*p1dtWNEBVpVaji5oocMdcw.png Husain & Rorden (2003), Nat Reviews Neurosci, 4, 26-36.
Hemispatial neglect
“heat map”
Inattention vs. blindness?
A failure to acknowledge elements on the left side of space could just as easily be blindness rather than inattention…right?
How can we thoughtfully demonstrate that hemispatial neglect is indeed an attentional impairment, not a visual impairment?
Image: http://trialx.com/curetalk/wp-content/blogs.dir/7/files/2011/05/diseases/Hemispatial_Neglect-1.jpg
B.Q.: a case study of neglect
Important note: These are error rates i.e., 20/20 means that all trials were incorrect
Young, Hellawell & Welch (1992), Brain, 115, 51-71.
Important note: These are error rates i.e., 20/20 means that all trials were incorrect
Young, Hellawell & Welch (1992), Brain, 115, 51-71.
Oddball detection in the left visual field (LVF)
Peru, Moro, Avesani & Aglioti (1997), Neuropsychologia, 35(5), 583-9
(# correctly identified out of 6)
Semantic priming in the LVF
HC: highly congruent (identical)
C: congruent (semantically)
NC: not congruent
Berti & Rizzolatti (1992), J Cog Neuro, 4(4), 345-51
LVF processing and decision-making: Patient P.S. case study
Marshall & Halligan (1988), Nature, 336, 766-7
Lecture objectives
To describe the difference between early selection and late selection models of attention, and to provide support for each idea;
To identify the way(s) in which controlled attention affects processing through the spatial cueing paradigm variants, the SAS, the Stroop task and complex visual search;
To explain how feature integration theory (FIT) explains feature binding and how (and why) feature binding can fail;
To describe the attentional blink is, and the way in which we are able to identify it;
To identify the role of the frontal lobes in “stimulus gating;”
To deconstruct simple task switching to unpack the cognitive elements
that contribute to a switch cost;
To understand what visuospatial neglect is (and isn’t), and to evaluate evidence demonstrating that it is indeed an impairment of attention.
OTHER RELEVANT UTSC PSYCHOLOGY COURSES:
PSYB55 (Cognitive Neuroscience) *partial coverage PSYC50 (Higher-Order Cognition)
PSYC51 (Cognitive Neuroscience of Vision) PSYC52 (Cognitive Neuroscience of Attention)
GET INVOLVED IN PERCEPTION RESEARCH AT THE UNIVERSITY OF TORONTO!
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