[SOLVED] Cs180 homework 9

1. A 2-CNF stands for a conjunction normal form boolean formula in which each clause consists 2
literals. For example, the formula (x1∨x2)∧(x3∨¬x2) is a 2-CNF. The 2-SAT problems asks given
a 2-CNF formula ϕ, decide whether it is satisfiable or not. Give a polynomial-time algorithm for
2-SAT:
(a) The boolean formula p ⇒ q is false only when p = True and q = False.
Show that (x1 ∨ x2) iff (¬x1 ⇒ x2) ∨ (¬x2 ⇒ x1) .
(b) Show that if (p ⇒ q) ∧ (q ⇒ r), then if the formula is evaluated for True
when p = True then it must be that r = True.
(c) Think of the implication relation is an edge between two literals and build
an implication directed graph G for the boolean formula ϕ.
(d) Prove that ϕ is satisfied iff for all xi we have that xi and ¬xi are not in the
same strongly connected component of G.
(e) Use an algorithm to detect a strongly connect component in the implication
graph to solve the 2-SAT problem.
(f) If ϕ is satisfiable, find a satisfying assigment.
2. Given a weighted graph G = (V, E) and an integer k. The Longest Path problem asks whether
there exists a simple path of length greater or equal to k. The Shortest Path problem asks whether
there exists a simple path of length smaller or equal to k.
(a) Show a polynomial reduction from the Hamiltonian Path problem to the Longest Path problem.
(b) Show a polynomial reduction from the Hamiltonian Path problem to the Shortest Path problem.
3. Show that the following three problems are polynomial time reducible to each other.
• Set-Cover: Given a collection of sets, and a number k, the Set-Cover problem asks if there
are at most k sets from the collection of sets such that their union contains every element in
the union of all sets.
• Hitting-Set: Given a collection of sets, and a number k, the Hitting-Set problem asks if are
there at most k elements of the sets such that there is at least one element from each set? (PS:
In class Prof. Gafni actually proved the Hitting-Set to be NP-complete, rather than Set-Cover.
In this problem you see that Set-Cover is also therefore NP-complete)
• Dominating-Set: Given an undirected graph G, and a number k, the Dominating-Set problem asks if there is a subset of vertices of size ≤ k such that every vertex in graph is either
in the subset or has a neighbor that is in the subset.
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(a) Show a polynomial reduction from Hitting-Set to Dominating-Set.
(b) Show a polynomial reduction from Dominating-Set to Hitting-Set.
(c) Show a polynomial reduction from Set-Cover and Dominating-Set.
(d) Show a polynomial reduction from Dominating-Set to Set-Cover.
4. The degree bounded spanning tree problem is given by a undirected graph G = (V, E), and a
number k. The problem is to decide whether or not G has a spanning tree T such that each vertex
in T has a degree of at most k. Prove that the degree bounded Spanning Tree is NP-hard. (Hint:
reduce a well known NP-complete problem you have seen to the degree bounded Spanning Tree
problem)
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