1 Summary

In this project, you will get familiar with two virtualization techniques: one is Docker (a light-weight, container-based virtualization technique) and the other is QEMU (a user-level full virtualization technique). Task (1): You will need to correctly deploy them, be familiar with the operations, measure the performance using benchmarks, and finally summarize the results in a report; Task (2) You will implement a Docker-like tool, which can create container instances with configurable namespaces and control groups.

2 Environment Setup

For the task (1), please follow this document [1] to start a Google cloud instance, but do not use the vCPU, memory and VM image configurations in the document. We will configure this instance using 2 vCPU, 4 GB memory, 30 GB disk size, and Ubuntu 18.04 LTS image for this assignment. We refer to this instance as the native system,

3 Docker

3.1 Installation & Preparation

Please refer to this instruction [2] for Docker installation. In addition, you may want to get familiar with Docker basic operations by referring to [3].

3.2 Docker Measurement

You will measure the performance of Docker containers using the Sysbench benchmark. Please use the following container image with Sysbench pre-installed: csminpp/ubuntu-sysbench. Sysbench is a benchmark tool [4]. With it, we can have some basic ideas about measuring system performance by running such benchmark tools against the system under test. In this project, we will only focus on the cpu and fileio test modes (section 4.1 and 4.5 in [4]) of Sysbench. The following instructions present some ideas about how to conduct a meaningful performance measurement. Please read them carefully, and then produce measurement results (you will lose points, if the results are incorrectly generated and/or can not be well justified).

• You need to be familiar with the test cases (under the cpu and fileio test modes). You only need to pick up one test case for each test mode (cpu or fileio).
• For each test case, you need to figure out theright test parameters. For example, you need to select the parameter for cpu-max-prime to ensure your test case wont end in a short time period (too small) or will never end (too large). As another example, you need to decide the file size (e.g., file-total-size) for Sysbench fileio test mode. Usually, its reasonable to make a test case lasting for at least 30 60 seconds. Please justify your configurations.
• You may want to repeat/re-run at least 3 times for each test case, and report the average value of your results (the Sysbench will report some user-level performance data, e.g., total time).
• To reduce test variation, you need to test each case under similar test environment. For example, for the fileio test, after one test, the operating system will cache the accessed files. If we dont manually drop such cache, the following tests will finish much faster, as most I/O data will be served directly form the memory cache instead of disks. You have to manually drop such cache, for example, using the command: echo3>/proc/sys/vm/drop_caches in the native (not the container). (Notice that, you can only run this command under the root user. Please figure out how to enable root user under Ubuntu and switch to the root user to drop the cache before each fileio test).
• In addition to the user-level performance data generated by the benchmark, you need to collect system performance data (from the native system). For example, you can choose to use iostat (a Linux tool for collecting cpu, I/O, network usage [5]). Please do this on your native system (outside containers) think about why. You may need to collect performance data covering the whole time period while your benchmark is running. You must provide the cpu and disk I/O performance data (think about how to show/visualize this data suppose you will have a series of performance data points). Please report the commands your use and the interpretation of your performance related data.
• Please well organize your experimental setup, configurations, and data (using figures and/or tables); and report them in your final report.

4 QEMU

4.1 Installation & Preparation

Under the native system, you can install qemu (under Ubuntu) simply by:

$sudo apt-get update

$sudo apt-get install qemu

You will download the Ubuntu iso image to install your QEMU VM:

$wget http://mirror.pnl.gov/releases/18.04/ubuntu-18.04.5-live-server-amd64.iso

You need to create an image before installing your QEMU VM. For your convenience, we provide the commands below. Please refer to the QEMU manual for more details [6]. $sudo qemu-img create ubuntu.img 10G

4.2 Install a QEMU VM

Because installing a VM require a graphical user interface (GUI). Please refer to Section 7 of this document to enable the GUI of your Google instance (i.e., the native). You will do the following operations within GUI (you should use a VNC client). Please install the QEMU VM using the command below (which takes the iso file as a cdrom and the qemu image as a hard disk):

$sudo qemu-system-x86_64 -hda ubuntu.img -boot d -cdrom ./ubuntu-16.04.6-server-amd64.iso -m 1536

Then, install the Ubuntu Linux system step by step. It may take some time hours to complete the whole installation. Please be patient.

After you install the OS to the image, you simple quit the above command. Next time when you want to start the QEMU VM, you should use the following command (omitting the cdrom):

$sudo qemu-system-x86_64 -hda ubuntu.img -m 1536

4.3 QEMU VM Measurement

Please report how long it takes to boot a QEMU based VM (assume you have installed the VM already). Please answer why it is so slow to run such a VM under QEMU in your report.

5 A mini-Dockedr container

In task (2), you will develop a Docker similar tool (in Python), which can start a container instance with configuration parameters (e.g., namespace and cgroups). We call it miniDocker. We suggest you to use the Watson College VM for this task (as you will need some time to write the program, and this VM is free).

1. Program Template: We provide a program template that you could start with (however, you are free to write your own program without following the template):

http://www.cs.binghamton.edu/~huilu/slidesfall2020/miniDocker_template.py

This template includes a simple parser, which takes configuration parameters to start a container including (1) the path to the new root file system; (2) hostname of the container; (3) ip address of the containers network interface; (4) memory size and cpu number that the container instance can use. Note that, we have set the default values for these parameters, however you can also pass new values to each of them.

2. Root Filesystem: We provide a root file system that you can download from: http://www.cs.

binghamton.edu/~huilu/slidesfall2020/ubuntu-rootfs.tar.gz

Place ubuntu-rootfs.tar.gz under your working directory (where you run your miniDocker) and unzip it:

$mkdir new_root

$tar xvf ubuntu-rootfs.tar.gz -C new_root/

Dowload the following two program binaries and place them under ./new_root/home/ http://www.cs.binghamton.edu/~huilu/slidesfall2020/loop http://www.cs.binghamton.edu/~huilu/slidesfall2020/mem

Now, the new root filesystem is ready. You can use it as the root file system of the container instance.

3. Namespaces and Cgroups: You can start writing the miniDocker.py. As listed in the program template, you are required to implement four namespaces, which are UTS, network, mount, and PID, and two control groups, which are cpuset and memory. Though you can implement them in different ways, your miniDocker is expected to have the following behaviors (expected output):

• As shown in Figure 1, once you execute your miniDocker.py, you will be dropped to a new bash process, which is the new container instance. In our template, we use os.execle to convert the child process of the miniDocker process to this new bash process. Please read the exe_bash function carefully.

In the new container instance, the directory path would be under root /. you can use ls command to check. You should have the same results as shown in Figure 1.

The hostname of the container instance also changes to administrator, which is the default one. Of course, you can pass a different hostname to miniDocker.py.

To check network namespace, you can use ifconfig command, which will display a network interface eth1 (in Figure 1) with the associated IP address (10.0.0.1). You should be able to pass a different IP address to the container instance.

For the PID namesapce, you can use echo $$ command, which will show PID 1. This is because, in the new container instance, the PID starts from 1. Further, you can use ps -ef command to display all the processes in the container. You will see that it only lists two: one is the bash process and the other is the ps command. In contrast, if you run this command in the native host, it will show a lot of processes.

Figure 1: Execute your miniDocker.py.

• For the cpuset cgroup, you can check it by running the loop program. As the Watson School VM only has two CPUs, we configure the container instance to only use one CPU, which is also the default number in the template program. You can run two instances of the loop program as shown in Figure 2. Then, we use top command to check whether the cpuset cgroup works or not: If each of the loop processes consumes around 50% CPU usage, it means the cpuset cgroup is controlling the cpu usage, as illustrated in Figure 3.

Figure 2: Test cpuset Cgroup: command.

Figure 3: Test cpuset Cgroup: resutls.

• Similarly, for the memory cgroup, you can check it by running the mem program. The default memory limit (in bytes) in the template program is set to 10M. Again, you should be able to pass a different memory limit to your container instance. You can use top command to check memory usage as well, reported in the %MEM field. As the Watson Schools VMs memory is 4GB, the memory usage of the mem process will be 0.2% given the 10MB memory limit.

4. Hints: 1) You probably can guess something from the import statements we imported unshare. Python has the unshare module for namespaces related configurations/operations. Please search this module a little bit and also refer to the linux manual: https://man7.org/linux/man-pages/man2/ unshare.2.html for the unshare types. 2) We might need to rely on the os module to execute a lot of commands (e.g., os.system()) for configuring namespaces. 3) We did use os.chroot function. 4) We also need to deal with the /proc directory.

6 Appendix

Please follow the instructions in this article [7] to enable GUI for the native (your Google instance). Notice that, however, there are two places you need to pay attention, and following the instructions below may solve possible problems.

6.1 .vnc/xstartup

Replace the whole content of .vnc/xstartup with the following content (DO NOT follow the article above).

#!/bin/sh def

export XKL_XMODMAP_DISABLE=1 unset SESSION_MANAGER unset DBUS_SESSION_BUS_ADDRESS

metacity & gnome-settings-daemon & gnome-panel & nautilus & gnome-terminal &

6.2 Open the firewall

Navigate to the Firewall rules item (in Google Cloud Console) shown as in Figure 4. Create a new firewall rule as in Figure 5. Notice that though this is an easy way to open ports for vncserver, it is not a safe solution (as we open too many ports). You can choose to use a safer way to do so.

Figure 4: Open firewall rules.

References

• How to Start an Instance in http://www.cs.binghamton.edu/~huilu/ slidesfall2020/How_to_create_VM_in_GCP.pdf.
• Docker Installation. https://docs.docker.com/install/linux/docker-ce/ ubuntu/.
• Running your first https://github.com/docker/labs/blob/master/ beginner/chapters/alpine.md.
• http://imysql.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/10/sysbench-manual.

pdf.

Figure 5: Firewall rules. [5] IOSTAT. https://linux.die.net/man/1/iostat.

• QEMU https://qemu.weilnetz.de/doc/.
• Graphical user interface (GUI) for Google Compute Engine instance. https://medium.com/googlecloud/graphical-user-interface-gui-for-google-compute-engine-instance-78fccda09e5c.